Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a global crisis that threatens public health and modern medicine. The discovery and development of novel antibiotic products are critical components in combating it. Many international, European Union and national initiatives address the scientific, regulatory and economic barriers to antibiotic innovation. This study identifies, reviews and critically assesses these initiatives, and provides policy recommendations for improving the global and European agendas for research and development of antibiotics.

Contents

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Executive Summary
• List of abbreviations
• 1. Objectives
• 2. Background
  • 2.1. Combating the rise of antimicrobial resistance
  • 2.2. The lagging antibiotic development pipeline
  • 2.3. Barriers within the antibiotic development value chain
  • 2.4. Incentives to spark innovation in the antibiotics market
  • 2.5. Funding landscape for the development of antibiotics
• 3. Research Methodology
  • 3.1. Literature review
  • 3.2. Expert input
  • 3.3. Country case studies
  • 3.4. Framework for initiative analysis and discussion
• 4. Results
  • 4.1. Key international initiatives that foster R&D of antibiotics
  • 4.2. Key EU initiatives that foster R&D of antibiotics
  • 4.3. Key national initiatives that foster R&D of antibiotics
• 5. Discussion
  • 5.1. How do the current initiatives measure across the evaluation criteria?
  • 5.2. What is the current balance between push and pull incentives?
  • 5.3. What are our knowledge gaps in the global antibiotics market?
  • 5.4. What is the current level of coordination between and within initiatives?
  • 5.5. What is the distribution of initiative support across the value chain?
  • 5.6. How are SMEs supported through existing initiatives?
  • 5.7. Are public health needs reflected in the current set of initiatives?
• 6. Conclusions & recommendations
• References
• Appendix 1. Antibiotics currently in development or recently approved in the US market
• Appendix 2. BEAM Alliance products in clinical development
• Appendix 3. Overview of initiatives supporting antibiotic R&D
• Appendix 4. Criteria-based analysis of initiatives supporting antibiotic R&D
• Appendix 5. Incentives employed by initiatives supporting antibiotic R&D

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