The objective of this study was to further elucidate the role of TGFbeta and GnRH analog (GnRHa) in leiomyoma growth and regression. We examined the expression of Smads, TGFbeta receptor intracellular signaling molecules, in leiomyoma and myometrial smooth muscle cells (LSMC and MSMC), and determined whether TGFbeta and GnRHa differentially regulate their expression and induction in these cells. Using semiquantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that leiomyoma, myometrium, LSMC, and MSMC express receptor-activated Smad3, common Smad4, and the inhibitory Smad7 mRNA and protein and showed that TGFbeta1, in a time-dependent manner, transiently induced Smad7 expression, with Smad3 and Smad4 remaining largely unchanged. TGFbeta1 increased the rate of Smad and phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3) induction in both cell types. Pretreatment with TGFbeta type II receptor antisense oligonucleotide resulted in a trend toward a lower TGFbeta-induced pSmad3. GnRHa, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, increased the expression of Smad7 mRNA and the rapid induction of Smad3, Smad4, and Smad7 as well as pSmad3, which declined to control values at doses above 1 micro M in MSMC, but not in LSMC. GnRHa-induced pSamd3 was partly inhibited by a GnRH antagonist (antide). We concluded that leiomyoma, myometrium, LSMC, and MSMC express Smads, which are differentially expressed, induced, and activated by TGFbeta and are altered as a result of GnRHa treatment. These results suggest that TGFbeta and GnRHa mediate their actions through cross-talk involving Smads and most likely other signaling pathways that result in leiomyoma growth and regression.