The olfactory neuron is specialized along its length into highly determined morphological regions. These regions include the dendritic cilia, dendritic vesicle, dendritic shaft proper, perikaryon, axon, zone of transition where the axon widens as it approaches its termination, and the axon terminal. Except for the zone of transition and the terminal, characteristic populations of microtubules occur in these compartments. In the olfactory vesicle, three discrete microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) nucleate microtubules: the basal body, the lateral foot associated with the body, and dense masses of nearby material. Little is known about MTOCs elsewhere in the neuron, although the polarity of the axonal microtubules indicate that they originate at or near the perikaryon. An attempt is made to summarize what is known of the origin, structure, distribution, and function of microtubules in vertebrate olfactory neurons, which are useful model systems in which to study microtubules. Information about olfactory neuron microtubules may be applicable to neurons in general (e.g., the discovery that axons contain microtubules of uniform polarity was first made in the olfactory neuron) or to microtubules in other eukaryotic cells.