Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein secreted by the tissues of ectodermal origin. Its structure is similar to transferrin. LF appeared to be multifunctional, but its main functions are connected with the natural defense system of mammals. The biological role and origin of LF within brain in normal and disease processes are as yet uncharted. LF expression is greatly upregulated during neurodegenerative disorders and in elderly brains. LF may exert an antiinflammatory function via its inhibitory effect on hydroxyl radical formation. By antioxydative properties, LF prevents DNA damage and consequently tumor formation in the CNS. Moreover, LF specifically transactivates the p53 tumor suppressor gene. LF suppresses distress perception via opioid mediated mechanism and prevents a decrease of the immune system activity caused by psychosocial stress. Furthermore, LF possibly modulates behavior in man and in animals.