This article explores the relationship between schooling for girls and HIV/AIDS prevention in the United Republic of Tanzania. It is based on a survey administered to upper-level primary school students in rural Tanzania designed to ascertain their numeracy and literacy skills as well as their knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The findings show that female students generally have stronger literacy and numeracy skills but less knowledge about HIV/AIDS than their male counterparts. This suggests that general education may not be the best vaccine against HIV/AIDS for young women; rather, AIDS-specific education and skills training may be required to increase the likelihood of prevention because of gender differences in how young people utilize knowledge acquired in school.