Purpose: To determine whether there is an association between dietary omega-3 (omega-3) fatty acid intake, age, and intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by altered aqueous outflow.
Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either omega-3-sufficient (omega-3(+)) or omega-3-deficient (omega-3(-)) diets from conception. The diets had 7% lipid content. The omega-3(+) diet contained safflower, flaxseed, and tuna oils (5.5:1.0:0.5), and the omega-3(-) diet contained safflower oil only. Intraocular pressure was measured at 5 to 40 weeks of age under light anesthesia (omega-3(+), n = 39; omega-3(-), n = 48). Aqueous outflow was determined at 45 weeks in a subgroup of animals (omega-3(+), n = 15; omega-3(-), n = 22) using pulsed infusion. Ciliary body tissues (n = 6 per group) were assayed for fatty acid content by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography in both diet groups.
Results: Animals raised on omega-3(+) diets had a 13% decrease in IOP at 40 weeks of age (13.48 +/- 0.32 mm Hg vs. 15.46 +/- 0.29 mm Hg; P < 0.01). When considered as a change in IOP relative to 5 weeks of age, the omega-3(+) group showed a 23% decrease (P < 0.001). This lower IOP in the omega-3(+) diet group was associated with a significant increase (+56%; P < 0.001) in outflow facility and a decrease in ocular rigidity (-59%; P < 0.001). The omega-3(+) group showed a 3.3 times increase in ciliary body docosahexaenoic acid (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Increasing dietary omega-3 reduces IOP with age because of increased outflow facility, likely resulting from an increase in docosanoids. This indicates that dietary manipulation may provide a modifiable factor for IOP regulation. However, further studies are needed to consider whether this can modify the risk for glaucoma and can play a role in treatment of the disease.