In this commentary to the child-mother attachment findings of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) we focus on the contextual conditions under which child care and the child's attachment relationship(s) may function as a risk or protective factor for child development. First, the authors' conclusion concerning child care as a risk factor for attachment security is refined. Second, suggestions are provided for incorporating possible moderators and mediators of the relations between child care, child-mother attachment, and developmental outcomes. Children's attachment relationship to nonmaternal caregivers, their temperament, and their genetic make-up may be relevant factors; and we discuss them in the context of children's differential susceptibility to influences from the caregiving environment. Third, and following from the above, we argue for specificity in predicting developmental outcomes from attachment security and nonmaternal care.