The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, in vivo (1)H MRS and ex vivo high resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) MRS of tissue samples as methods to detect early treatment effects of docetaxel in a breast cancer xenograft model (MCF-7) in mice. MCF-7 cells were implanted subcutaneously in athymic mice and treated with docetaxel (20, 30, and 40 mg/kg) or saline six weeks later. DCE-MRI and in vivo (1)H MRS were performed on a 7 T MR system three days after treatment. The dynamic images were used as input for a two-compartment model, yielding the vascular parameters K(trans) and v(e). HR MAS MRS, histology, and immunohistochemical staining for proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (M30 cytodeath), and vascular/endothelial cells (CD31) were performed on excised tumor tissue. Both in vivo spectra and HR MAS spectra were used as input for multivariate analysis (principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression analysis (PLS)) to compare controls to treated tumors. Tumor growth was suppressed in docetaxel-treated mice compared to the controls. The anti-tumor effect led to an increase in K(trans) and v(e) values in all the treated groups. Furthermore, in vivo MRS and HR MAS MRS revealed a significant decrease in choline metabolite levels for the treated groups, in accordance with reduced proliferative index as seen on Ki-67 stained sections. In this study DCE-MRI, in vivo MRS and ex vivo HR MAS MRS have been used to demonstrate that docetaxel treatment of a human breast cancer xenograft model results in changes in the vascular dynamics and metabolic profile of the tumors. This indicates that these MR methods could be used to monitor intra-tumoral treatment effects.