After introducing thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD), characteristics of thermophilic methanogens are provided. Accordingly, (a) site of occurrence, (b) morphological characteristics (shape and motility), (c) biochemical characteristics (Gram character and % G+C profile), (d) nutritional characteristics (NaCl requirement and substrate specificity), and (e) growth characteristics (pH and temperature) of thermophilic methanogens are described. Some studies of the thermophilic AD are cited with their operational management problems. Subsequently, strategies to maximize net energy production are given, including mode of heating the bioreactors, role of agitation to promote AD performance and mode/intensity of mixing. Finally, advantages as well as drawbacks of AD under thermophilic conditions are given, concluding with its applications.