Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 in ovarian tumors

Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) converts arginine residues into citrulline. The current study focused on the expression of PADI4 in various subtypes of ovary cancers, and this study investigated the effects of estrogen on PADI4 expression in SKOV-3 cells that originated from ovary tumors. We utilized immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and western blotting to analyze the expression of PADI4 in the tumor tissues and in the cell line that were cultured with estrodial-17β. PADI4 was detected in serious cystadenocarcinoma (n=39, positivity=100%), clear cell cancer (n=7, positivity= 100%), mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (n=6, positivity=100%), dysgerminoma (n=6, positivity=100%), squamous cell tumor (n=6, positivity=100%), sibnet-ring cell carcinoma (n=6, positivity=100%), endodermal sinus tumor (n=6, positivity=100%), germ cell tumors (n=6, positivity=100%) and immature teratoma (n=6, positivity=100%). However, PADI4 was either not detected or detected at low levels in granulosa cell tumor (n=6), malignant thecoma (n=6), ovarian cystadenoma (n=5) and normal ovarian tissue (n=11). For serious cystadenocarcinoma, all of the samples with high PADI4 expression belonged to the T1 and T2 stages of pTMN, whereas all of the samples that exhibited weak or moderate PADI4 expression belonged to the T3 and T4 stages. PADI4 was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of tumor cells of serious cystadenocarcinoma that were classified as being grade II and III by histopathological scoring. However, PADI4 showed granular cellular distribution in the tumor tissues that were isolated from grade I cystadenocarcinoma. In addition, the PADI4 level was positively related with the ages of the patients that presented with serious adenocarcinoma (p=0.029). Real-time PCR and western blot analyses confirmed that PADI4 was expressed at higher levels in ovarian adenocarcinoma (n=8) compared to ovarian cystadenoma (n=5) (p< 0.05). The study also detected an increased level of PADI4 in SKOV-3 cells that were incubated with estrodial-17β in the range of 10(-12) to 10(-4)M. The results suggest an important role for PADI4 in the tumorigenesis of ovary cancers that are under the regulation of estrogen.