Vitamin D is associated with atheroprotective high-density lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women

Background: Low vitamin D has been associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, a marker of coronary risk. Whether atheroprotective HDL particle composition accounts for this association and whether fat affects this association is not known.

Objective: To explore the association between HDL particle composition and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) in post-menopausal women.

Methods: Vitamin D levels and lipoprotein composition were assessed in fasting blood samples of apparently healthy women from a diverse Chicago community. Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) abdominal fat area were assessed using computed tomography. Total body fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results: We enrolled 78 women (50% black; 50% white), age 48 to 64 years, all of whom were participants in a longitudinal study of fat patterning. They had a mean 25[OH]D of 31 ± 15 μg/L, HDL cholesterol 57±11 mg/dL, and large HDL particle subclass 8.6±3.4 μmol/L. In a multivariable-adjusted regression model, each 5 μg/L higher 25[OH]D predicted 0.57 μmol/L (95%CI 0.20-0.95) higher large HDL particles, independent of race, season, and total HDL particle concentration. This association was only partially confounded by total body fat mass (0.49, 95%CI 0.10-0.89), SAT (0.50, 95%CI 0.11-0.90), or VAT (0.37, 95%CI 0.01-0.74). Age did not significantly influence the strength of associations.

Conclusions: Higher 25[OH]D levels are associated with large HDL particles. This association is stronger than that of HDL cholesterol and only partially confounded by body fat. Theoretically, vitamin D may protect against cardiovascular risk by promoting formation of large HDL particles, affecting reverse cholesterol transport.