L-tryptophan-mediated enhancement of susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is dependent on the mammalian target of rapamycin

J Biol Chem. 2011 Oct 7;286(40):34800-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.235473. Epub 2011 Aug 12.

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common liver diseases. L-tryptophan and its metabolite serotonin are involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation. However, it is unclear whether L-tryptophan promotes hepatic steatosis. To explore this issue, we examined the role of L-tryptophan in mouse hepatic steatosis by using a high fat and high fructose diet (HFHFD) model. L-tryptophan treatment in combination with an HFHFD exacerbated hepatic steatosis, expression of HNE-modified proteins, hydroxyproline content, and serum alanine aminotransaminase levels, whereas L-tryptophan alone did not result in these effects. We also found that L-tryptophan treatment increases serum serotonin levels. The introduction of adenoviral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, which stimulates the serotonin synthesis from L-tryptophan, aggravated hepatic steatosis induced by the HFHFD. The fatty acid-induced accumulation of lipid was further increased by serotonin treatment in cultured hepatocytes. These results suggest that L-tryptophan increases the sensitivity to hepatic steatosis through serotonin production. Furthermore, L-tryptophan treatment, adenoviral AADC introduction, and serotonin treatment induced phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and a potent mTOR inhibitor rapamycin attenuated hepatocyte lipid accumulation induced by fatty acid with serotonin. These results suggest the importance of mTOR activation for the exacerbation of hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, L-tryptophan exacerbates hepatic steatosis induced by HFHFD through serotonin-mediated activation of mTOR.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adenoviridae / metabolism
  • Animal Feed
  • Animals
  • Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases / metabolism
  • Fatty Liver / pathology
  • Fibrosis
  • Fructose / metabolism
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease
  • Hepatocytes / metabolism
  • Kynurenine / metabolism
  • Lipids / chemistry
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Serotonin / metabolism
  • TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism*
  • Triglycerides / metabolism
  • Tryptophan / metabolism*

Substances

  • Lipids
  • Triglycerides
  • Fructose
  • Serotonin
  • Kynurenine
  • Tryptophan
  • mTOR protein, mouse
  • TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
  • Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases