Free radicals are known to play a major role in sepsis. Combined immuno-spin trapping and molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to detect in vivo and in situ levels of free radicals in murine septic encephalopathy after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). DMPO (5,5-dimethyl pyrroline N-oxide) was injected over 6h after CLP, before administration of an anti-DMPO probe (anti-DMPO antibody bound to albumin-gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid-biotin MRI targeting contrast agent). In vitro assessment of the anti-DMPO probe in oxidatively stressed mouse astrocytes significantly decreased T1 relaxation (p < 0.0001) compared to controls. MRI detected the presence of anti-DMPO adducts via a substantial decrease in %T1 change within the hippocampus, striatum, occipital, and medial cortex brain regions (p < 0.01 for all) in septic animals compared to shams, which was sustained for over 60 min (p < 0.05 for all). Fluorescently labeled streptavidin was used to target the anti-DMPO probe biotin, which was elevated in septic brain, liver, and lungs compared to sham. Ex vivo DMPO adducts (qualitative) and oxidative products, including 4-hydroxynonenal and 3-nitrotyrosine (quantitative, p < 0.05 for both), were elevated in septic brains compared to shams. This is the first study that has reported on the detection of in vivo and in situ levels of free radicals in murine septic encephalopathy.
Keywords: 3-NT; 3-Nitrotyrosine; 3-nitrotyrosine; 4-Hydroxynonenal; 4-hydroxynonenal; 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide; BBB; BSA; CLP; Cecal ligation and puncture; DMPO; Fluorescence microscopy; Free radicals; Gd-DTPA; HNE; IST; Immuno-spin trapping; Mice; Molecular MRI; OMRI; Overhauser-enhanced MRI; ROS/RNS; Sepsis; anti-DMPO probe; anti-DMPO-biotin-BSA-Gd-DTPA; blood–brain-barrier; bovine serum albumin; cecal ligation and puncture; gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid; immuno-spin trapping; in vivo; mMRI; molecular magnetic resonance imaging; reactive oxygen/nitrogen species.
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