The pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution of nanoparticles (NPs) are controlled by a complex array of interrelated, physicochemical and biological factors of NPs. The lipid-bilayer core structure of the Lipid-Calcium-Phosphate (LCP) NPs allows us to examine the effects of the density of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the incorporation of various lipids onto the surface on their fate in vivo. Fluorescence quantification estimated that up to 20% (molar percent of outer leaflet lipids) could be grafted on the surface of LCP NPs. Contrary to the common belief that high level of PEGylation could prevent the uptake of NPs by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) organs such as liver and spleen, a significant amount of the injected dose was observed in the liver. Confocal microscopy revealed that LCP NPs were largely localized in hepatocytes not Kupffer cells. It was further demonstrated that the delivery to hepatocytes was dependent on both the concentration of PEG and the surface lipids. LCP NPs could be directed from hepatocytes to Kupffer cells by decreasing PEG concentration on the particle surface. In addition, LCP NPs with 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) exhibited higher accumulation in the hepatocytes than LCP NPs with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC). Analysis of the proteins bound to NPs suggested that apolipoprotein E (apoE) might serve as an endogenous targeting ligand for LCP-DOTAP NPs, but not LCP-DOPC NPs. The significant uptake of NPs by the hepatocytes is of great interest to formulation design for oncologic and hepatic drug deliveries.
Keywords: Biodistribution; Hepatocytes; Nanoparticles; Pharmacokinetics; Polyethylene glycol; Protein binding.
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