The smoothelin-like 1 protein (SMTNL1) is a modulator of smooth and skeletal muscle contractility and can bind to calmodulin and tropomyosin. Calmodulin is the major calcium sensor of eukaryotic cells and it can cycle between calcium-free (apo-CaM) and calcium-bound (Ca-CaM) forms. Bioinformatic screening of the SMTNL1 sequence predicted a second CaM-binding region (CBD1) that is located N-terminal to the previously defined apo-CaM-binding site (CBD2). Pull-down assays, surface plasmon resonance, isothermal calorimetry and NMR techniques were used to determine that CBD1 associated preferentially to Ca-CaM while CBD2 bound preferentially to apo-CaM. Mutation of hydrophobic residues abolished Ca-CaM-binding to CBD1 while acidic residues in CBD2 were necessary for apo-CaM-binding to CBD2. The dissociation constant (Kd) for Ca-CaM-binding to a CBD1 peptide was 26∗10(-6)M while the value for binding to a longer protein construct was 0.5∗10(-6)M. The binding of SMTNL1 to both apo-CaM and Ca-CaM suggests that endogenous CaM is continuously associated with SMTNL1 to allow for quick response to changes in intracellular calcium levels. We also found that the intrinsically disordered N-terminus of SMTNL1 can reduce binding to apo-CaM and increase binding to Ca-CaM. This finding suggests that an additional CaM-binding region may exist and/or that intramolecular interactions between the N-terminus and the folded C-terminus reduce apo-CaM-binding to CBD2. Intriguingly, CBD1 is located close to the SMTNL1 phosphorylation site and tropomyosin-binding region. We discuss the possibility that all three signals are integrated at the region surrounding CBD1.
Keywords: CHASM; CaM; Calmodulin-binding domain; IQ-motif; Intrinsically-disordered protein; SMTNL1.
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