Ocular surface reconstruction using autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets has drastically changed the treatment of limbal stem-cell deficiency. The morphological and functional characteristics of oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets are similar to those of normal corneal epithelium. Ocular surface reconstruction can prevent potential problems associated with limbal transplantation, including immune rejection and donor tissue shortages. Thus far, ocular reconstruction using epithelial cell sheets has been limited to clinical research. Although the effectiveness and safety of this surgical approach have been confirmed to some extent, efforts to make its use more widespread are required. "Translational research" refers to the process of developing a new treatment based on basic research findings with useful practical applications in the field of health care. Medical centers for translational research are required to promote translational research in academic institutes. The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law was revised to promote technologies in the field of regenerative medicine in Japan. This article reviews translational research of ocular surface reconstruction using oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets.