Understanding the molecular basis of toxin promiscuity: the analgesic sea anemone peptide APETx2 interacts with acid-sensing ion channel 3 and hERG channels via overlapping pharmacophores

J Med Chem. 2014 Nov 13;57(21):9195-203. doi: 10.1021/jm501400p. Epub 2014 Nov 4.

Abstract

The sea anemone peptide APETx2 is a potent and selective blocker of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3). APETx2 is analgesic in a variety of rodent pain models, but the lack of knowledge of its pharmacophore and binding site on ASIC3 has impeded development of improved analogues. Here we present a detailed structure-activity relationship study of APETx2. Determination of a high-resolution structure of APETx2 combined with scanning mutagenesis revealed a cluster of aromatic and basic residues that mediate its interaction with ASIC3. We show that APETx2 also inhibits the off-target hERG channel by reducing the maximal current amplitude and shifting the voltage dependence of activation to more positive potentials. Electrophysiological screening of selected APETx2 mutants revealed partial overlap between the surfaces on APETx2 that mediate its interaction with ASIC3 and hERG. Characterization of the molecular basis of these interactions is an important first step toward the rational design of more selective APETx2 analogues.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Acid Sensing Ion Channels / metabolism*
  • Animals
  • Cnidarian Venoms / genetics
  • Cnidarian Venoms / pharmacology*
  • ERG1 Potassium Channel
  • Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Models, Molecular
  • Mutation
  • Sea Anemones
  • Structure-Activity Relationship

Substances

  • APETx2 protein, Anthopleura elegantissima
  • ASIC3 protein, human
  • Acid Sensing Ion Channels
  • Cnidarian Venoms
  • ERG1 Potassium Channel
  • Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels
  • KCNH2 protein, human

Associated data

  • PDB/1WXN
  • PDB/25205
  • PDB/2MUB