Vitamin D Levels Decline with Rising Number of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Healthy Adults: Association with Adipokines, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Advanced Glycation Markers

PLoS One. 2015 Jun 29;10(6):e0131753. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131753. eCollection 2015.

Abstract

Introduction: Hypovitaminosis D associates with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipoproteinemia. We asked whether the presence of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors, and which particular combination, exerts additive negative effects on 25(OH)D3 levels; and whether 25(OH)D3 levels associate with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Subjects and methods: In non-diabetic medication-free adults central obesity (waist-to-height ratio > 0.5); elevated blood pressure (systolic BP≥130 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥85 mm Hg); increased atherogenic risk (log(TAG/HDL) ≥ 0.11); and insulin resistance (QUICKI < 0.322) were considered as cardiometabolic risk factors. 25(OH)D3 status was classified as deficiency (25(OH)D3 ≤20 ng/ml); insufficiency (levels between 20-to-30 ng/ml), or as satisfactory (>30 ng/ml). Plasma adipokines, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, advanced glycation end-products, and their soluble receptor were determined.

Results: 162 subjects were cardiometabolic risk factors-free, 162 presented increased (i.e. 1 or 2), and 87 high number (i.e. 3 or 4) of cardiometabolic risk factors. Mean 25(OH)D3 decreased with rising number of manifested risk factors (36 ± 14 ng/ml, 33 ± 14 ng/ml, and 31 ± 15 ng/ml, respectively; pANOVA: 0.010), while prevalence of hypovitaminosis D did not differ significantly. Elevated blood pressure and insulin resistance appeared as significant determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Subjects presenting these risk factors concurrently displayed the lowest 25(OH)D3 levels (29 ± 15 ng/ml). Plasma adipokines, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, advanced glycation end-products, and their soluble receptor generally differed significantly between the groups, but only advanced oxidation protein products and advanced glycation end-products associated fluorescence of plasma showed significant independent association with 25(OH)D3 levels.

Conclusion: In apparently healthy adults increasing number of cardiometabolic risk factors associates with poorer 25(OH)D3 status, while the association between 25(OH)D3 status and inflammatory or oxidative stress markers remains equivocal.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adipokines / blood*
  • Adult
  • Biomarkers / blood*
  • Blood Pressure
  • Calcifediol / blood
  • Cohort Studies
  • Decision Trees
  • Female
  • Glycation End Products, Advanced / blood*
  • Health*
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / blood*
  • Male
  • Oxidative Stress*
  • Risk Factors
  • Vitamin D / blood*

Substances

  • Adipokines
  • Biomarkers
  • Glycation End Products, Advanced
  • Vitamin D
  • Calcifediol

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the Slovak Ministry of Health, https://www.minedu.sk/vedecka-grantova-agentura-msvvas-sr-a-sav-vega/, grant No. 2005/27-SZU-05 (to MG) and Operational Research and Development Program financed from the European Regional Development Fund, http://www.asfeu.sk/operacny-program-vyskum-a-vyvoj/opatrenie-41/, grant No.: 26240120033 (to Slovak Medical University). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.