Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for eukaryotic homeostasis. Although these organelles possess their own DNA, the vast majority (>99%) of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus. This situation makes systems that allow the communication between mitochondria and the nucleus a requirement not only to coordinate mitochondrial protein synthesis during biogenesis but also to communicate eventual mitochondrial malfunctions, triggering compensatory responses in the nucleus. Mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling has been described in various organisms, albeit with differences in effector pathways, molecules, and outcomes, as discussed in this review.
MeSH terms
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Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / metabolism
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Cell Nucleus / metabolism
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / metabolism
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Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
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Mitochondria / metabolism*
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Mitochondrial Proteins / metabolism
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Multiprotein Complexes / metabolism
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Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae / metabolism
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / metabolism
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Signal Transduction*
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
Substances
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Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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Mitochondrial Proteins
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Multiprotein Complexes
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RTG1 protein, S cerevisiae
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RTG2 protein, S cerevisiae
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RTG3 protein, S cerevisiae
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Reactive Oxygen Species
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases