Spatial Configuration of Drought Disturbance and Forest Gap Creation across Environmental Gradients

Margaret E Andrew; Katinka X Ruthrof; George Matusick; Giles E St J Hardy

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157154

Spatial Configuration of Drought Disturbance and Forest Gap Creation across Environmental Gradients

PLoS One. 2016 Jun 8;11(6):e0157154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157154. eCollection 2016.

Authors

Margaret E Andrew¹, Katinka X Ruthrof^{1

2}, George Matusick², Giles E St J Hardy^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Environmental and Conservation Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
² Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.

Abstract

Climate change is increasing the risk of drought to forested ecosystems. Although drought impacts are often anecdotally noted to occur in discrete patches of high canopy mortality, the landscape effects of drought disturbances have received virtually no study. This study characterized the landscape configuration of drought impact patches and investigated the relationships between patch characteristics, as indicators of drought impact intensity, and environmental gradients related to water availability to determine factors influencing drought vulnerability. Drought impact patches were delineated from aerial surveys following an extreme drought in 2011 in southwestern Australia, which led to patchy canopy dieback of the Northern Jarrah Forest, a Mediterranean forest ecosystem. On average, forest gaps produced by drought-induced dieback were moderate in size (6.6 ± 9.7 ha, max = 85.7 ha), compact in shape, and relatively isolated from each other at the scale of several kilometers. However, there was considerable spatial variation in the size, shape, and clustering of forest gaps. Drought impact patches were larger and more densely clustered in xeric areas, with significant relationships observed with topographic wetness index, meteorological variables, and stand height. Drought impact patch clustering was more strongly associated with the environmental factors assessed (R2 = 0.32) than was patch size (R2 = 0.21); variation in patch shape remained largely unexplained (R2 = 0.02). There is evidence that the xeric areas with more intense drought impacts are 'chronic disturbance patches' susceptible to recurrent drought disturbance. The spatial configuration of drought disturbances is likely to influence ecological processes including forest recovery and interacting disturbances such as fire. Regime shifts to an alternate, non-forested ecosystem may occur preferentially in areas with large or clustered drought impact patches. Improved understanding of drought impacts and their patterning in space and time will expand our knowledge of forest ecosystems and landscape processes, informing management of these dynamic systems in an uncertain future.

MeSH terms

Australia
Climate Change*
Droughts*
Forests*
Models, Biological*

Grants and funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work. It analyzed pre-existing data, the development of which was funded by the State Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, a partnership between private industry, community groups, Universities, and the Government of Western Australia.