Inflammatory stimuli induce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis by upregulating cycloxgenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) reportedly plays an important role in inflammatory reactions, whereas the role of this enzyme in inflammatory PGE2 production remains unclear. In the present study, therefore, we examined whether inhibition of GSK-3 can reduce inflammatory PGE2 production in vitro and in vivo. When macrophage-like cells differentiated from THP-1 were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PGE2 production and the expression levels of COX-2 and mPGES-1 were markedly elevated. GSK-3 inhibitors LiCl and SB216763 strongly suppressed their protein levels through inhibition of mRNA expressions. Subsequently, we examined the effect of GSK-3 inhibitors on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and early growth response-1 (Egr-1). The GSK-3 inhibitors had no significant effect on the NF-κB pathway, whereas they significantly decreased the expression level of Egr-1. Pharmacological and genetic inhibitions of GSK-3 also strongly suppressed PGE2 production in cultured peritoneal macrophages and in inflammatory air pouches made under the skin of living mice. These results suggested that GSK-3 plays a key role in PGE2 production by increasing COX-2 and mPGES-1 probably through Egr-1-mediated transcription and GSK-3 inhibitors may be potential as novel anti-inflammatory drugs.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory drug; COX-2; GSK-3; PGE(2); mPGES-1.
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.