Evolution of Quality Assurance for Clinical Immunohistochemistry in the Era of Precision Medicine. Part 3: Technical Validation of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Assays in Clinical IHC Laboratories

Affiliation

• ¹ *Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Departments of †Laboratory Hematology §Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON ∥∥Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC ¶¶¶Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, and Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, AB, Canada ‡Canadian Immunohistochemistry Quality Control (CIQC), Vancouver, BC, Canada/Canadian Association of Pathologists National Standards Committee for High Complexity Testing/Immunohistochemistry ∥Poundbury Cancer Institute ¶Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dorchester, UK #Cancer Diagnostic Quality Assurance Services (CADQAScic), Dorchester ***UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UK NEQAS), University College London, London, UK **School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Charité-University Hospital, Berlin, Berlin, Germany ††Griffith University, Gold Coast ‡‡RCPA Quality Assurance Program, Sydney §§Genomics For Life, Brisbane, Australia ¶¶International Quality Network for Pathology (IQN Path), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg ##Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA †††Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center for Excellence on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy ‡‡‡Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands §§§Institute of Pathology, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg University Hospital ∥∥∥Nordic Immunohistochemistry Quality Control (NordiQC), Aalborg, Denmark ###Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing ****Chinese Committee for Pathologists-Immunohistochemistry Quality Control, China ††††Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.