[Neuroplasticity: synaptogenesis during normal development and its implication in intellectual disability]

Rev Neurol. 2017 Feb 24;64(s01):S45-S50.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Neuroplasticity is the biological capacity of the nervous system to modify its structure and functioning to adapt to both physiological and pathological variations in the environment. Its main physiological consequences are learning and memory, and its pathological outcome is neurological rehabilitation. The continuous change and initial fragility of the developing brain make the embryonic and foetal periods especially plastic (what is known as developmental neuroplasticity). The progressive reduction in plasticity, however, is never complete and the capacity to modify the brain circuits in response to new learning (adaptive neuroplasticity) or brain injuries (reactive neuroplasticity) remains throughout the individual's entire lifespan. The main neurobiological mechanism underlying neuroplasticity is the formation of synaptic contacts between neurons. Neurodevelopmental disorders are associated to functional anomalies of the brain, often derived from the lack of adaptive or reactive capacity of the brain to modify circuits that are malformed or damaged by genetic or environmental anomalies. They are traditionally associated with the appearance of intellectual disability and mental illnesses. This review deals with the development of the neuroplasticity of the brain and its neurobiological mechanisms. Some of the cellular and molecular processes involved in its normal development are also examined, together with the possible consequences deriving from alterations affecting them.

Title: Plasticidad neural: la sinaptogenesis durante el desarrollo normal y su implicacion en la discapacidad intelectual.

La neuroplasticidad es la capacidad biologica que tiene el sistema nervioso de modificar su estructura y funcion para adaptarse a las variaciones del entorno, tanto fisiologicas como patologicas. Sus principales consecuencias fisiologicas son el aprendizaje y la memoria, y las patologicas, la rehabilitacion neurologica. El continuo cambio y la fragilidad inicial del cerebro en desarrollo hacen especialmente plasticos los periodos embrionario y fetal (lo que se conoce como neuroplasticidad del desarrollo). Ahora bien, la reduccion progresiva de la plasticidad nunca es total, permaneciendo a lo largo de toda la vida la capacidad de modificar los circuitos cerebrales en respuesta a nuevos aprendizajes (neuroplasticidad adaptativa) o a lesiones cerebrales (neuroplasticidad reactiva). El principal mecanismo neurobiologico de la neuroplasticidad es la formacion de contactos sinapticos entre neuronas. Los trastornos del neurodesarrollo estan asociados a anomalias funcionales del cerebro, muchas veces derivadas de la falta de capacidad adaptativa o reactiva del cerebro para modificar los circuitos malformados o dañados por anomalias geneticas o ambientales. Clasicamente se asocian con la aparicion de discapacidad intelectual y enfermedades mentales. Esta revision trata sobre el desarrollo de la neuroplasticidad cerebral y sus mecanismos neurobiologicos. Tambien se analizan algunos de los procesos celulares y moleculares que estan implicados en su desarrollo normal y las posibles consecuencias derivadas de sus alteraciones.

Publication types

  • Congress

MeSH terms

  • Brain / embryology
  • Brain / growth & development*
  • Child
  • Humans
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Intellectual Disability / etiology*
  • Nerve Net / growth & development
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders / etiology
  • Neurogenesis*
  • Neuronal Plasticity*
  • Synapses / physiology*