A multiband infrared diagnostic (MBID) method for methane emission monitoring in limited underground environments was presented considering the strong optical background of gas/solid attenuation. Based on spatial distribution of aerosols and complex refractive index of dust particles, forward calculations were carried out with/without methane to obtain the spectral transmittance through the participating atmosphere in a mine roadway. Considering the concurrent attenuation and absorption behavior of dust and gases, four infrared wavebands were selected to retrieve the methane concentration combined with a stochastic particle swarm optimization (SPSO) algorithm. Inversion results prove that the presented MBID method is robust and effective in identifying methane at concentrations of 0.1% or even lower with inversed relative error within 10%. Further analyses illustrate that the four selected wavebands are indispensable, and the MBID method is still valid with transmission signal disturbance in a conventional dust-polluted atmosphere under mechanized mining condition. However, the effective detection distance should be limited within 50 m to ensure inversed relative error less than 5% at 1% methane concentration.