Recent Progress in the Design of Advanced Cathode Materials and Battery Models for High-Performance Lithium-X (X = O₂ , S, Se, Te, I₂ , Br₂ ) Batteries

Recent advances and achievements in emerging Li-X (X = O₂ , S, Se, Te, I₂ , Br₂ ) batteries with promising cathode materials open up new opportunities for the development of high-performance lithium-ion battery alternatives. In this review, we focus on an overview of recent important progress in the design of advanced cathode materials and battery models for developing high-performance Li-X (X = O₂ , S, Se, Te, I₂ , Br₂ ) batteries. We start with a brief introduction to explain why Li-X batteries are important for future renewable energy devices. Then, we summarize the existing drawbacks, major progress and emerging challenges in the development of cathode materials for Li-O₂ (S) batteries. In terms of the emerging Li-X (Se, Te, I₂ , Br₂ ) batteries, we systematically summarize their advantages/disadvantages and recent progress. Specifically, we review the electrochemical performance of Li-Se (Te) batteries using carbonate-/ether-based electrolytes, made with different electrode fabrication techniques, and of Li-I₂ (Br₂ ) batteries with various cell designs (e.g., dual electrolyte, all-organic electrolyte, with/without cathode-flow mode, and fuel cell/solar cell integration). Finally, the perspective on and challenges for the development of cathode materials for the promising Li-X (X = O₂ , S, Se, Te, I₂ , Br₂ ) batteries is presented.