Selection of a Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) surrogate to evaluate surface disinfection efficacy in Ebola outbreaks: Comparison of four bacteriophages

PLoS One. 2017 May 22;12(5):e0177943. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177943. eCollection 2017.

Abstract

The 2014 West African Ebola virus disease outbreak was the largest to date, and conflicting, chlorine-based surface disinfection protocols to interrupt disease transmission were recommended. We identified only one study documenting surface disinfection efficacy against the Ebola virus, showing a >6.6 log reduction after 5-minute exposure to 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) based on small-scale tests (Cook et al. (2015)). In preparation for future extensive, large-scale disinfection efficacy experiments, we replicated the Cook et al. experiment using four potential BSL-1 surrogates selected based on similarities to the Ebola virus: bacteriophages MS2, M13, Phi6, and PR772. Each bacteriophage was exposed to 0.1% and 0.5% NaOCl for 1, 5, and 10 minutes on stainless steel. MS2 and M13 were only reduced by 3.4 log and 3.5 log after a 10-minute exposure to 0.5% NaOCl, and would be overly conservative surrogates. Conversely, PR772 was too easily inactivated for surrogate use, as it was reduced by >4.8 log after only 1-minute exposure to 0.5% NaOCl. Phi6 was slightly more resistant than the Ebola virus, with 4.1 log reduction after a 5-minute exposure and not detected after a 10-minute exposure to 0.5% NaOCl. We therefore recommend Phi6 as a surrogate for evaluating the efficacy of chlorine-based surface disinfectants against the Ebola virus.

MeSH terms

  • Bacteriophages / drug effects*
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Disinfectants / pharmacology*
  • Disinfection / methods
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / prevention & control*
  • Humans
  • Models, Biological
  • Sodium Hypochlorite / pharmacology*
  • Time Factors

Substances

  • Disinfectants
  • Sodium Hypochlorite

Grants and funding

The study was conducted with funding from the United States Agency for International Development's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA, https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/organization/bureaus/bureau-democracy-conflict-and-humanitarian-assistance/office-us). The authors gratefully acknowledge the Fulbright Foreign Student Program (http://foreign.fulbrightonline.org/) and the P.E.O. Foundation (http://www.peointernational.org/peo-foundation) for the partial support of this effort. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.