Forbidden Chemistry: Two-Photon Pathway in [2+2] Cycloaddition of Maleimides

J Am Chem Soc. 2017 Aug 2;139(30):10184-10187. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b04484. Epub 2017 Jul 18.

Abstract

Two-photon excitation provides high spatial resolution in three dimensions of the corresponding chemical or physical processes, allowing submicrometer structuring in stereolithography and three-dimensional (3D) microfabrication. While studying two-photon structuring applications, we observed an undescribed phenomenon in photochemistry that dictates reactivity of maleimide groups in two-photon mode. A low-absorbance transition formerly ignored in classical photochemistry has been found for maleimides. This transition was assigned to symmetry-breaking donor-acceptor complex formation, which revealed a formally forbidden pathway in [2+2] cycloaddition reactions of maleimide moieties. This synthetic pathway allowed for the creation of hydrogel materials under physiological conditions at low laser excitation energy (0.1 J/cm2 at 800 nm) without the use of photoinitiators, which makes it truly two-photon click chemistry.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't