An inelastic hyperspectral Scheimpflug lidar system is developed for range-resolved oil pollution detection and discrimination. A theory of system parametric design is built for aquatic circumstances, and laser-induced fluorescence spectra with an excitation wavelength of 446 nm are employed to detect oil pollution. Seven kinds of typical oil samples are tested and well distinguished using the principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) methods. It has been shown that blue laser diodes (LD) have great potential for oil pollution detection, and our system could be further utilized for more applications in both marine and terrestrial environments.