Enhanced azo dye Reactive Red 2 degradation in anaerobic reactors by dosing conductive material of ferroferric oxide

Effect of dosing ferroferric oxide (Fe₃O₄) on the anaerobic treatment of azo dye Reactive Red 2 (RR2) was investigated in two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBRs). System performance, dye degradation pathways, and microbial activities and structure were examined. The addition of Fe₃O₄ significantly improved treatment efficiency, with the removal efficiency of RR2 increased by 116%, the maximum methane (CH₄) yield potential and the peak CH₄ production rate improved by 7.7% and 22.3%, and the lag phase shortened by 39.6%, respectively. The activity of the electron transport system was significantly enhanced by dosing Fe₃O₄, with the maximum value increased by 77% and conductivity of the anaerobic sludge increased by 178%. According to the proposed pathway for the degradation of RR2, the degradation products from complete cleavage of the NN bond in RR2 were obtained at the presence of Fe₃O₄, while were absent without Fe₃O₄. At high initial dye concentrations, the dosage of Fe₃O₄ alleviated the inhibition to microbes by RR2, and high degradation rate and removal efficiency were maintained. The microbial community structure changed during the long-term acclimation with the dosage of Fe₃O₄. Paludibacter, Trichococcus and Methanosarcina were predominant and their relative abundances increased with the addition of Fe₃O₄.