The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in cognitive functions, including visuospatial ability, attention, and executive function in patients with intractable dizziness following vestibular rehabilitation. The correlations between improvements in cognitive function and dizziness-related variables and emotional distress were also explored. During hospitalization for 5 days, participants were trained on a vestibular rehabilitation program. Participants completed questionnaires including the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Trail Making Test (TMT), which were used to assess cognitive function. The center of gravity fluctuation measurement and timed up and go test (TUG), which were objective dizziness severity indexes, were performed before, 1 month after, and 4 months after hospitalization. Following vestibular rehabilitation, participants exhibited a significant improvement in the TMT, DHI, HADS, and TUG scores. Correlation analysis between the variables at each time point indicated that TMT scores positively correlated with TUG at baseline. The correlation between changes observed in the TUG and TMT scores was not significant. The degree of improvement of the TUG score did not bear a linear relationship with that of the TMT scores. However, these correlation results were not completely consistent with those in the multiply imputed dataset.