Pharmacological Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-2 and Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase, Enzymes of the Kynurenine Pathway, Significantly Diminishes Neuropathic Pain in a Rat Model

Neuropathic pain caused by a primary injury or dysfunction in the peripheral or central nervous system is a tremendous therapeutic challenge. Here, we have collected the first evidence from a single study on the potential contributions to neuropathic pain development by enzymes in the kynurenine pathway [tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1/2), kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO); kynureninase, 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase (HAOO)] at the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) levels. At the spinal cord, mRNA levels of IDO2, KMO, and HAOO were elevated as measured on day 7 after chronic constriction injury in a rat model, parallel to the C1q-positive cell activation. According to our data obtained from primary microglial cell cultures, all enzymes of the kynurenine pathway except TDO were derived from these cells; however, the activation of microglia induced stronger changes in IDO2 and KMO. Our pharmacological studies gave evidence that the repeated intraperitoneal administration of minocycline, a microglia/macrophage inhibitor, not only attenuated tactile and thermal hypersensitivity but also diminished the levels of IDO2 and KMO mRNA. Our further pharmacological studies confirmed that IDO2 and KMO enzymes take part in the development of neuropathic pain, since we observed that the repeated administration of IDO2 (1-methyl-D-tryptophan) and KMO [UPF 648 - (1S,2S)-2-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid] inhibitors diminished hypersensitivity development as measured on days 2 and 7. The results of our studies show that the kynurenine pathway is an important mediator of neuropathic pain pathology in rats and indicate that IDO2 and KMO represent novel pharmacological targets for treating neuropathy.