Background: Smokers with cardiovascular disease have been reported to have decreased mortality compared to non-smokers. Rib fractures are associated with significant underlying injuries such as lung contusions, lacerations, and/or pneumothoraces. We hypothesized that blunt trauma patients with rib fractures who are smokers have decreased ventilator days and risk of in-hospital mortality compared to non-smokers.
Study design: The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2010-2016) was queried for patients presenting with a blunt rib fracture. Patients that died within 24 h of admission were excluded. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed.
Results: From 282,986 patients with rib fractures, 57,619 (20.4%) were smokers. Compared to non-smokers with rib fractures, smokers had a higher median injury severity score (17 vs. 16, p < 0.001). Smokers had a higher rate of pneumonia (7.5% vs. 6.6%, p < 0.001), however, less ventilator days (5 vs. 6, p = 0.04), and lower in-hospital mortality rate (2.3% vs. 4.6%, p < 0.001), compared to non-smokers. After controlling for covariates, smokers with rib fractures were associated with a decreased risk for in-hospital mortality compared to non-smokers with rib fractures (OR 0.64, 0.56-0.73, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Despite having more severe injuries and increased rates of pneumonia, smokers with rib fractures were associated with nearly a 40% decreased risk of in-hospital mortality and one less ventilator day compared to non-smokers. The long-term detrimental effects of smoking have been widely established. However, the biologic and pathophysiologic adaptations that smokers have may confer a survival benefit when recovering in the hospital from chest wall trauma. This study was limited by the database missing the number of pack-years smoked. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm this association and elucidate the physiologic mechanisms that may explain these findings.
Keywords: Mortality; Nicotine; Pneumonia; Smoking; Trauma.