Oligonucleotides can be designed or evolved to bind to specific DNA, RNA, protein, or small molecule targets and thereby alter the biological function of the target. The therapeutic potential of oligonucleotides targeted to intracellular molecules will depend largely on their ability to be taken up by the cells of interest, as well as their subsequent subcellular distribution. Here we describe methods to characterize the extent and mechanism of cellular uptake of AS1411, an aptamer oligonucleotide that has progressed to human clinical trials and which is also widely used by researchers as a cancer-targeting ligand.
Keywords: AS1411; Aptamer; Cancer; Confocal microscopy; Endocytosis; Flow cytometry; G-quadruplex; Macropinocytosis; Nucleolin; Oligonucleotide.