Purpose: To re-assess the scientific literature to ascertain if there is scientific evidence to support antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with periodontal disease as a means to decrease the risk of prosthetic joint infections.
Introduction: Prosthetic joint infections occur in approximately 0.3-2% of patients and, of these, around 6-13% are thought to be caused by oral bacteria. Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures as a means to prevent a prosthetic joint infection has been controversial throughout the years. However, it remains unclear to what extent it has a beneficial effect. We do know that bacteraemia of oral origin is directly proportional to any ongoing inflammation or infection, and that a diseased periodontium may act as an entry for bacteria to spread to distant locations, through the bloodstream, and potentially be the cause of distant site infections.
Materials and methods: Updated literature search using the PubMed (Medline), and the Clarivate Analytics databases, to identify eligible articles since the previous searches up to April 2019 (last 5 years).
Results: No studies that relate periodontal disease to the development of a prosthetic joint infection were found.
Conclusion: Currently, there is no evidence to support or exclude the need of antibiotic prophylaxis as a means to decrease the risk of prosthetic joint infections in patients with periodontal disease.
Keywords: Antibiotic prophylaxis; Oral microbiota; PJI; Periodontal disease; Periodontal pathogens; Periodontitis; Prosthetic joint infection.