We reported previously that low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets containing < 26% of energy as fat and > 57% of energy as carbohydrate induce hypertriacylglycerolemia (hypertriglyceridemia) in hypercholesterolemic but not in combined hyperlipidemic (CHL) subjects. Because subjects may not consistently adhere to an assigned diet long term, we examined the extent to which plasma triacylglycerols (triglycerides) increase at four consistently reported carbohydrate intakes at intervals of up to 2 y. Three hundred seventy-two subjects reported consistent carbohydrate intakes of < 45%, 45-51.9%, 52-59.9%, or > or = 60% of energy on food records for 3, 12, and 24 mo. Among hypercholesterolemic subjects reporting a carbohydrate intake > or = 60% of energy, triacylglycerols increased by 0.25, 0.18, and 0.27 mmol/L (22, 16, and 24 mg/dL) over baseline at 3, 12, and 24 mo, respectively (P < 0.01 in each instance), and 0.32 mmol/L (28 mg/dL) above the group with a carbohydrate intake 52-59.9% of energy (P < 0.05) after 3 mo. No statistically significant effects were observed among CHL subjects, but compared with baseline, triacylglycerols decreased during the first 3 mo (-0.29 to -0.04 mmol/L, or -26 to -4 mg/dL), were unchanged over 12 mo, and were increased after 24 mo in three of four carbohydrate intake strata (0.27-0.36 mmol/L, or 24-32 mg/dL). These data confirm our previous observation that a moderately but not extremely low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet can be used long-term without deleterious effects on plasma triacylglycerols in the management of hypercholesterolemia, whereas CHL is unaffected by the amount of carbohydrate ingested.