Ergonomics, also called human factors engineering, is the study of the behavior and activities of individuals in relation to the working environment and the mechanical and electronic equipment operated by the worker. The function of specialists in ergonomics is to design or to improve the workplace, equipment, and procedures of workers to ensure the safe, healthy, and efficient achievement of personal and organizational goals. Many mental and physical similarities can be found between the work of a surgeon and the jobs of skilled industrial and military personnel. This review addresses the necessity for applying ergonomics in surgical working activities. The materials reviewed here are classified into the following topics in surgical ergonomics: Visualization, manipulation, posture, mental and physical workload, and the operating-room environment. It was concluded that the discipline of ergonomics can enhance our understanding of the way in which surgeons work. As surgeons confront increasingly complex and costly procedures, the need to cut health-care costs deems it necessary to develop a scientific understanding of the mechanics of surgical operations.