The treatment of lung infection in the context of cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited by a biofilm mode of growth of pathogenic organisms. When compared to planktonically grown bacteria, bacterial biofilms can survive extremely high levels of antimicrobials. Within the lung, bacterial biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms suspended in a matrix of self-secreted proteins within the sputum. These structures offer both physical protection from antibiotics as well as a heterogeneous population of metabolically and phenotypically distinct bacteria. The bacteria themselves and the components of the extracellular matrix, in addition to the signaling pathways that direct their behaviour, are all potential targets for therapeutic intervention discussed in this review. This review touches on the successes and failures of current anti-biofilm strategies, before looking at emerging therapies and the mechanisms by which it is hoped they will overcome current limitations.
Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; adjunctive therapies; anti-biofilm; antimicrobial resistance; biofilm matrix; exopolysaccharides.