glucagon receptor-like subfamily, member of the class B family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors
This group represents the glucagon receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors, which includes glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), GLP2R, and closely related receptors. These receptors are activated by the members of the glucagon (GCG) peptide family including GCG, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), and GLP2, which are derived from the large proglucagon precursor. GCGR regulates blood glucose levels by control of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by regulation of insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta-cells. Activation of GLP1R stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, whereas activation of GLP2R stimulates intestinal epithelial proliferation and increases villus height in the small intestine. Receptors in this group belong to the B1 (or secretin-like) subfamily of class B GPCRs, which includes receptors for polypeptide hormones of 27-141 amino-acid residues such as secretin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and corticotropin-releasing factor. These receptors contain the large N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD), which plays a critical role in hormone recognition by binding to the C-terminal portion of the peptide. On the other hand, the N-terminal segment of the hormone induces receptor activation by interacting with the receptor transmembrane domains and connecting extracellular loops, triggering intracellular signaling pathways. All members of the B1 subfamily preferentially couple to G proteins of G(s) family, which positively stimulate adenylate cyclase, leading to increased intracellular cAMP formation and calcium influx. However, depending on their cellular location, GCGR and GLP receptors can activate multiple G proteins, which can in turn stimulate different second messenger pathways.
Comment:based on mutagenesis of human glucagon receptor (GCGR), and modeling studies of GCGR and other related class B GPCRs, and on the structure of Oryctolagus cuniculus Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP1R) with bound GLP1
Comment:Residues in the globular N-terminal extracellular domain and the extracellular loops of the 7TM domain may also be involved in ligand binding.
Structure:5VAI: Oryctolagus cuniculus Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP1R) binds Glucagon-like Peptide 1; contacts at 4A - View structure with Cn3D
Jiyao W et al.(2023). "The conserved domain database in 2023.",