GST_N family, Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) subfamily; GDAP1 was originally identified as a highly expressed gene at the differentiated stage of GD3 synthase-transfected cells. More recently, mutations in GDAP1 have been reported to cause both axonal and demyelinating autosomal-recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 4A neuropathy. CMT is characterized by slow and progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles. Sequence analysis of GDAP1 shows similarities and differences with GSTs; it appears to contain both N-terminal TRX-fold and C-terminal alpha helical domains of GSTs, however, it also contains additional C-terminal transmembrane domains unlike GSTs. GDAP1 is mainly expressed in neuronal cells and is localized in the mitochondria through its transmembrane domains. It does not exhibit GST activity using standard substrates.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLE 98
Cdd:cd03052   1 LVLYHWTQSFSSQKVRLVIAEKGLRCEEYDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNPTGEVPVLIHGDNIICDPTQIIDYLE 73

GST_N family, Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) subfamily; GDAP1 was originally identified as a highly expressed gene at the differentiated stage of GD3 synthase-transfected cells. More recently, mutations in GDAP1 have been reported to cause both axonal and demyelinating autosomal-recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 4A neuropathy. CMT is characterized by slow and progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles. Sequence analysis of GDAP1 shows similarities and differences with GSTs; it appears to contain both N-terminal TRX-fold and C-terminal alpha helical domains of GSTs, however, it also contains additional C-terminal transmembrane domains unlike GSTs. GDAP1 is mainly expressed in neuronal cells and is localized in the mitochondria through its transmembrane domains. It does not exhibit GST activity using standard substrates.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLE 98
Cdd:cd03052   1 LVLYHWTQSFSSQKVRLVIAEKGLRCEEYDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNPTGEVPVLIHGDNIICDPTQIIDYLE 73

Glutathione S-transferase, N-terminal domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 26340396    28 LYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLplsEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLEQTF 101
Cdd:pfam13417   1 LYGFPGSPYARRVRIALNEKGLPYEFVPIPP---GDHPPELLAKNPLGKVPVLEDDGGILCESLAIIDYLEELY 71

GST_N family, Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) subfamily; GDAP1 was originally identified as a highly expressed gene at the differentiated stage of GD3 synthase-transfected cells. More recently, mutations in GDAP1 have been reported to cause both axonal and demyelinating autosomal-recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 4A neuropathy. CMT is characterized by slow and progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles. Sequence analysis of GDAP1 shows similarities and differences with GSTs; it appears to contain both N-terminal TRX-fold and C-terminal alpha helical domains of GSTs, however, it also contains additional C-terminal transmembrane domains unlike GSTs. GDAP1 is mainly expressed in neuronal cells and is localized in the mitochondria through its transmembrane domains. It does not exhibit GST activity using standard substrates.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLE 98
Cdd:cd03052   1 LVLYHWTQSFSSQKVRLVIAEKGLRCEEYDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNPTGEVPVLIHGDNIICDPTQIIDYLE 73

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) family, N-terminal domain; a large, diverse group of cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. In addition, GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This family, also referred to as soluble GSTs, is the largest family of GSH transferases and is only distantly related to the mitochondrial GSTs (GSTK subfamily, a member of the DsbA family). Soluble GSTs bear no structural similarity to microsomal GSTs (MAPEG family) and display additional activities unique to their group, such as catalyzing thiolysis, reduction and isomerization of certain compounds. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. Based on sequence similarity, different classes of GSTs have been identified, which display varying tissue distribution, substrate specificities and additional specific activities. In humans, GSTs display polymorphisms which may influence individual susceptibility to diseases such as cancer, arthritis, allergy and sclerosis. Some GST family members with non-GST functions include glutaredoxin 2, the CLIC subfamily of anion channels, prion protein Ure2p, crystallins, metaxin 2 and stringent starvation protein A.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHnePWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLE 98
Cdd:cd00570   1 LKLYYFPGSPRSLRVRLALEEKGLPYELVPVDLGEGEQ--EEFLALNPLGKVPVLEDGGLVLTESLAILEYLA 71

Glutathione S-transferase, N-terminal domain; Function: conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of targets. Also included in the alignment, but not GSTs: S-crystallins from squid (similarity to GST previously noted); eukaryotic elongation factors 1-gamma (not known to have GST activity and similarity not previously recognized); HSP26 family of stress-related proteins including auxin-regulated proteins in plants and stringent starvation proteins in E. coli (not known to have GST activity and similarity not previously recognized). The glutathione molecule binds in a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains - the catalytically important residues are proposed to reside in the N-terminal domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 26340396    26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLEQ 99
Cdd:pfam02798   3 LTLYGIRGSPRAHRIRWLLAEKGVEYEIVPLDFGAGPEKSPELLKLNPLGKVPALEDGGKKLTESRAILEYIAR 76

GST_N family, Class Zeta subfamily; GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. Class Zeta GSTs, also known as maleylacetoacetate (MAA) isomerases, catalyze the isomerization of MAA to fumarylacetoacetate, the penultimate step in tyrosine/phenylalanine catabolism, using GSH as a cofactor. They show little GSH-conjugating activity towards traditional GST substrates but display modest GSH peroxidase activity. They are also implicated in the detoxification of the carcinogen dichloroacetic acid by catalyzing its dechlorination to glyoxylic acid.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLE 98
Cdd:cd03042   1 MILYSYFRSSASYRVRIALNLKGLDYEYVPVNLLKGEQLSPAYRALNPQGLVPTLVIDGLVLTQSLAIIEYLD 73

GST_N family, unknown subfamily 4; composed of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with similarity to GSTs. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYL 97
Cdd:cd03056   1 MKLYGFPLSGNCYKVRLLLALLGIPYEWVEVDILKGETRTPEFLALNPNGEVPVLELDGRVLAESNAILVYL 72

GST_N family, Class Delta and Epsilon subfamily; GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. The class Delta and Epsilon subfamily is made up primarily of insect GSTs, which play major roles in insecticide resistance by facilitating reductive dehydrochlorination of insecticides or conjugating them with GSH to produce water-soluble metabolites that are easily excreted. They are also implicated in protection against cellular damage by oxidative stress.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYL 97
Cdd:cd03045   1 IDLYYLPGSPPCRAVLLTAKALGLELNLKEVNLMKGEHLKPEFLKLNPQHTVPTLVDNGFVLWESHAILIYL 72

glutathione transferase;

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 26340396   43 VIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLEQTFLDERTPRLMP 111
Cdd:PRK15113  25 ALQEKGLPFELKTVDLDAGEHLQPTYQGYSLTRRVPTLQHDDFELSESSAIAEYLEERFAPPAWERIYP 93

GST_N family, Stringent starvation protein A (SspA) subfamily; SspA is a RNA polymerase (RNAP)-associated protein required for the lytic development of phage P1 and for stationary phase-induced acid tolerance of E. coli. It is implicated in survival during nutrient starvation. SspA adopts the GST fold with an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, but it does not bind glutathione (GSH) and lacks GST activity. SspA is highly conserved among gram-negative bacteria. Related proteins found in Neisseria (called RegF), Francisella and Vibrio regulate the expression of virulence factors necessary for pathogenesis.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSFSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLplseHNEPW-FMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLEQTF 101
Cdd:cd03059   1 MTLYSGPDDVYSHRVRIVLAEKGVSVEIIDVDP----DNPPEdLAELNPYGTVPTLVDRDLVLYESRIIMEYLDERF 73

GST_N family, Ure2p-like subfamily; composed of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ure2p and related GSTs. Ure2p is a regulator for nitrogen catabolism in yeast. It represses the expression of several gene products involved in the use of poor nitrogen sources when rich sources are available. A transmissible conformational change of Ure2p results in a prion called [Ure3], an inactive, self-propagating and infectious amyloid. Ure2p displays a GST fold containing an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. The N-terminal TRX-fold domain is sufficient to induce the [Ure3] phenotype and is also called the prion domain of Ure2p. In addition to its role in nitrogen regulation, Ure2p confers protection to cells against heavy metal ion and oxidant toxicity, and shows glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity. Characterized GSTs in this subfamily include Aspergillus fumigatus GSTs 1 and 2, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe GST-I. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of GSH with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 26340396  26 LILYHWTHSfSSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLV--HGENI-ICEATQIIDYLEQTF 101
Cdd:cd03048   2 ITLYTHGTP-NGFKVSIMLEELGLPYEIHPVDISKGEQKKPEFLKINPNGRIPAIVdhNGTPLtVFESGAILLYLAEKY 79

glutathione S-transferase

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 26340396   36 SSQKVRLVIAEKALKCEEHDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGENIICEATQIIDYLEQTF 101
Cdd:PLN02395  12 SPKRALVTLIEKGVEFETVPVDLMKGEHKQPEYLALQPFGVVPVIVDGDYKIFESRAIMRYYAEKY 77

GST_N family, Class Beta subfamily; GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. The GST fold contains an N-terminal TRX-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. Unlike mammalian GSTs which detoxify a broad range of compounds, the bacterial class Beta GSTs exhibit limited GSH conjugating activity with a narrow range of substrates. In addition to GSH conjugation, they also bind antibiotics and reduce the antimicrobial activity of beta-lactam drugs. The structure of the Proteus mirabilis enzyme reveals that the cysteine in the active site forms a covalent bond with GSH.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 26340396  54 HDVSLPLSEHNEPWFMRLNSAGEVPVLVHGEN-IICEATQIIDYLEQTF 101
Cdd:cd03057  28 VRVDLRTKTQKGADYLAINPKGQVPALVLDDGeVLTESAAILQYLADLH 76