RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae POB3/SPT16 histone-associated protein 1 (ScPSH1) and similar proteins; ScPSH1 is a Cse4-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the kinetochore protein Pat1 and targets the degradation of budding yeast centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-ACse4, which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. ScPSH1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a DNA directed RNA polymerase domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   24 IIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNtqKELACPQCRSDITTIP 79
Cdd:cd16568   1 ILETQECIICHEYLYEPMVTTCGHTYCYTCLNTWFKSN--RSLSCPDCRTKITTQP 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae POB3/SPT16 histone-associated protein 1 (ScPSH1) and similar proteins; ScPSH1 is a Cse4-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the kinetochore protein Pat1 and targets the degradation of budding yeast centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-ACse4, which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. ScPSH1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a DNA directed RNA polymerase domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   24 IIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNtqKELACPQCRSDITTIP 79
Cdd:cd16568   1 ILETQECIICHEYLYEPMVTTCGHTYCYTCLNTWFKSN--RSLSCPDCRTKITTQP 54

zinc finger of C3HC4-type, RING; This is a family of primate-specific Ret finger protein-like (RFPL) zinc-fingers of the C3HC4 type. Ret finger protein-like proteins are primate-specific target genes of Pax6, a key transcription factor for pancreas, eye and neocortex development. This domain is likely to be DNA-binding. This zinc-finger domain together with the RDM domain, pfam11002, forms a large zinc-finger structure of the RING/U-Box superfamily. RING-containing proteins are known to exert an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase activity with the zinc-finger structure being mandatory for binding to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 6324518     30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKELACPQC 71
Cdd:pfam15227   1 CPICLDYLEKPVSIECGHSFCLSCINSLQKEPDGESLLCPQC 42

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 6324518   16 TKDAILYKIIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFasNTQKelACPQCRSD 74
Cdd:COG5432  14 TKIPSLKGLDSMLRCRICDCRISIPCETTCGHTFCSLCIRRHL--GTQP--FCPVCRED 68

DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit P; Provisional

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   149 RCSNCHWELDPDEVEDGNVCPHCNARI 175
Cdd:PRK00398   5 KCARCGREVELDEYGTGVRCPYCGYRI 31

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae POB3/SPT16 histone-associated protein 1 (ScPSH1) and similar proteins; ScPSH1 is a Cse4-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the kinetochore protein Pat1 and targets the degradation of budding yeast centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-ACse4, which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. ScPSH1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a DNA directed RNA polymerase domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   24 IIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNtqKELACPQCRSDITTIP 79
Cdd:cd16568   1 ILETQECIICHEYLYEPMVTTCGHTYCYTCLNTWFKSN--RSLSCPDCRTKITTQP 54

first RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS 1-5. They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that may participate in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and/or epigenetic transcriptional silencing. ORTHRUS 1 mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC11, UBC8 and UBC8 homologs (e.g. UBC10, UBC11, UBC28 and UBC29) but not with UBC27, UBC30, UBC32, UBC34 and UBC36. ORTHRUS 2 and 5 mediate ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11. ORTHRUS 1 and 2 promote methylation-mediated gene silencing leading, for example, to early flowering. They can bind to CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN DNA motifs, with a strong preference for methylated forms, and with highest affinity for CpG substrates. Members of this subfamily contain two typical C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the first one.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFAsntQKELACPQCRSDI 75
Cdd:cd23138   1 DELNCSFCMQLPERPVTTPCGHNFCLKCFQKWMG---QGKKTCGTCRSPI 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in checkpoint with forkhead and RING finger domains protein (CHFR); CHFR, also known as RING finger protein 196 (RNF196), is a checkpoint protein that delays entry into mitosis in response to stress. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and degrades its target proteins, such as Aurora-A, Plk1, Kif22, and PARP-1, which are critical for proper mitotic transitions. It also plays an important role in cell cycle progression and tumor suppression, and is negatively regulated by SUMOylation-mediated proteasomal ubiquitylation. Moreover, CHFR is involved in the early stage of the DNA damage response, which mediates the crosstalk between ubiquitination and poly-ADP-ribosylation. CHFR contains a fork head associated (FHA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMT-PCGHNYCYGCLNTWFA-SNTQkelaCPQCRSDITTI 78
Cdd:cd16503   1 ENLTCSICQDLLHDCVSLqPCMHNFCAACYSDWMErSNTE----CPTCRATVQRV 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 6324518   24 IIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNtQKELACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd16611   1 LTEELHCPLCLDFFRDPVMLSCGHNFCQSCITGFWELQ-AEDTTCPECR 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 77 (TRIM77) and similar proteins; TRIM77 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including two consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and Bbox2, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNT-WfaSNTQKELACPQCRSDITTIP 79
Cdd:cd16543   2 DQLTCSICLDLLKDPVTIPCGHSFCMNCITLlW--DRKQGVPSCPQCRESFPPRP 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 38 (TRIM38) and similar proteins; TRIM38, also known as RING finger protein 15 (RNF15) or zinc finger protein RoRet, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes K63- and K48-linked ubiquitination of cellular proteins and also catalyzes self-ubiquitination. It negatively regulates Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- and interleukin-1beta-triggered Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation by mediating lysosomal-dependent degradation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein (TAB)2/3, two critical components of the TAK1 kinase complex. It also inhibits TLR3/4-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) by mediating ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (Traf6) and NAK-associated protein 1 (Nap1), respectively. Moreover, TRIM38 negatively regulates TLR3-mediated interferon beta (IFN-beta) signaling by targeting ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta (TRIF). It functions as a valid target for autoantibodies in primary Sjogren's Syndrome. TRIM38 belongs the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   23 KIIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKE-----LACPQCRS 73
Cdd:cd16600   1 KMREEATCSICLQLMTEPVSINCGHSYCKRCIVSFLENQSQLEpgletFSCPQCRA 56

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS 1-5. They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that may participate in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and/or epigenetic transcriptional silencing. ORTHRUS 1 mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC11, UBC8 and UBC8 homologs (e.g. UBC10, UBC11, UBC28 and UBC29) but not with UBC27, UBC30, UBC32, UBC34 and UBC36. ORTHRUS 2 and 5 mediate ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11. ORTHRUS 1 and 2 promote methylation-mediated gene silencing leading, for example, to early flowering. They can bind to CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN DNA motifs, with a strong preference for methylated forms, and with highest affinity for CpG substrates. Members of this subfamily contain two typical C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the second one.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFA--------SNTQKEL-------ACPQCRSDIT 76
Cdd:cd23139   8 CQICKKVLSLPVSTPCGHNFCKACLEAKFAgiadvrdrGNGGRSLrarknvkPCPCCKTDIS 69

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 168 (RNF168) and similar proteins; RNF168 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes noncanonical K27 ubiquitination to signal DNA damage. It, together with RNF8, functions as a DNA damage response (DDR) factor that promotes a series of ubiquitylation events on substrates, such as H2A and H2AX with H2AK13/15 ubiquitylation, facilitates recruitment of repair factors p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) or the RAP80-BRCA1 complex to sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs), and inhibits homologous recombination (HR) in cells deficient in the tumor suppressor BRCA1. RNF168 also promotes H2A neddylation, which antagonizes ubiquitylation of H2A and regulates DNA damage repair. Moreover, RNF168 forms a functional complex with RAD6A or RAD6B during the DNA damage response. RNF168 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger that catalyzes H2A-K15ub and interacts with H2A, and two MIU (motif interacting with ubiquitin) domains responsible for the interaction with K63 linked poly-ubiquitin.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6324518   29 VCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGClntwFASNTQK-ELACPQCRSDITT 77
Cdd:cd16550   2 LCPICLEILVEPVTLPCNHTLCMPC----FQSTVEKaSLCCPLCRLRISS 47

RING-type zinc-finger; This zinc-finger is a typical RING-type of plant ubiquitin ligases.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 6324518     30 CSICHDYMFVPMmTPCGHNYCYGCLNtWFASNTQKELACP 69
Cdd:pfam13445   1 CPICLELFTDPV-LPCGHTFCRECLE-EMSQKKGGKFKCP 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCL-NTWFASNTQkeLACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd16594   4 EELTCPICLDYFTDPVTLDCGHSFCRACIaRCWEEPETS--ASCPQCR 49

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 6324518   16 TKDAILYKIIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFasNTQKelACPQCRSD 74
Cdd:COG5432  14 TKIPSLKGLDSMLRCRICDCRISIPCETTCGHTFCSLCIRRHL--GTQP--FCPVCRED 68

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein RNFT1, RNFT2, and similar proteins; Both RNFT1 and RNFT2 are multi-pass membrane proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Their biological roles remain unclear.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6324518   29 VCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFasntQKELACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd16532   2 ICPICQDEFKDPVVLRCKHIFCEDCVSEWF----ERERTCPLCR 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM65 and similar proteins; TRIM65 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the innate immune receptor MDA5, enhancing its ability to stimulate interferon-beta signaling. It functions as a potential oncogenic protein that negatively regulates p53 through ubiquitination, providing insight into the development of novel approaches targeting TRIM65 for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment, and also overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, TRIM65 negatively regulates microRNA-driven suppression of mRNA translation by targeting TNRC6 proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. TRIM65 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKELACPQCRSDITTIPAL 81
Cdd:cd16609   2 EELTCSICLGLYQDPVTLPCQHSFCRACIEDHWRQKDEGSFSCPECRAPFPEGPTL 57

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM41, TRIM52 and similar proteins; TRIM41 and TRIM52, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, have dramatically expanded RING domains compared with the rest of the TRIM family proteins. TRIM41 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. In contrast, TRIM52 lacks the putative viral recognition SPRY/B30.2 domain, and thus has been classified to the C-V subclass of the TRIM family that contains only RBCC domains. TRIM41, also known as RING finger-interacting protein with C kinase (RINCK), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in cells. It specifically recognizes the C1 domain of PKC isozymes. It controls the amplitude of PKC signaling by controlling the amount of PKC in the cell. TRIM52, also known as RING finger protein 102 (RNF102), is encoded by a novel, noncanonical antiviral TRIM52 gene in primate genomes with unique specificity determined by the rapidly evolving RING domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFAsntqkeLACPQCRSDIT 76
Cdd:cd16602   2 EEAVCAICLDYFKDPVSIGCGHNFCRVCVTQLWG------FTCPQCRKSFP 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing proteins, UHRF1 and UHRF2, and similar proteins; UHRF1 is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumor suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of transcription factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also an N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF2 was originally identified as a ubiquitin ligase acting as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase that enhances zinc finger protein 131 (ZNF131) SUMOylation, but does not enhance ZNF131 ubiquitination. It also ubiquitinates PCNP, a PEST-containing nuclear protein. Moreover, UHRF2 functions as a nuclear protein involved in cell-cycle regulation and has been implicated in tumorigenesis. It interacts with cyclins, CDKs, p53, pRB, PCNA, HDAC1, DNMTs, G9a, methylated histone H3 lysine 9, and methylated DNA. It interacts with the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, ubiquitinates cyclins D1 and E1, induces G1 arrest, and is involved in the G1/S transition regulation. Furthermore, UHRF2 is a direct transcriptional target of the transcription factor E2F-1 in the induction of apoptosis. It recruits HDAC1 and binds to methyl-CpG. UHRF2 also participates in the maturation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) by interacting with the HBV core protein and promoting its degradation. Both UHRF1 and UHRF2 contain an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a SET- and RING-associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTqkeLACPQCRSDIT 76
Cdd:cd16613   3 CICCQELVYKPITTPCKHNICKSCLQRSFKAEV---YTCPACRHDLG 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM21 and similar proteins; TRIM21, also known as 52 kDa Ro protein, 52 kDa ribonucleoprotein autoantigen Ro/SS-A, Ro(SS-A), RING finger protein 81 (RNF81), or Sjoegren syndrome type A antigen (SS-A), is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and a high affinity antibody receptor uniquely expressed in the cytosol of mammalian cells. As a cytosolic Fc receptor, TRIM21 binds the Fc of virus-associated antibodies and targets the complex in the cytosol for proteasomal degradation in a process known as antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (ADIN), and provides an intracellular immune response to protect host defense against pathogen infection. It shows remarkably broad isotype specificity as it does not only bind IgG, but also IgM and IgA. Moreover, TRIM21 promotes the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I sensing of viral genomes during infection by antibody-opsonized virus. It stimulates inflammatory signaling and activates innate transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). TRIM21 also plays an essential role in p62-regulated redox homeostasis, suggesting it may be a viable target for treating pathological conditions resulting from oxidative damage. Furthermore, TRIM21 may have implications for various autoimmune diseases associated with uncontrolled antiviral signaling through the regulation of Nmi-IFI35 complex-mediated inhibition of innate antiviral response. TRIM21 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 6324518   21 LYKIIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLntwFASNTQKELACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd16596   3 LTMMWEEVTCPICLDPFVEPVSIECGHSFCQECI---SQVGKGGGSVCPVCR 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (UHRF1); UHRF1, also known as inverted CCAAT box-binding protein of 90 kDa, nuclear protein 95, nuclear zinc finger protein Np95 (Np95), RING finger protein 106, transcription factor ICBP90, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF1, is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 can acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumor suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also a N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF1 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) domain, a SET and RING finger associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. It specifically binds to hemimethylated DNA, double-stranded CpG dinucleotides, and recruits the maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1 to its hemimethylated DNA substrate through its SRA domain. UHRF1-dependent H3K23 ubiquitylation has an essential role in maintenance DNA methylation and replication. The tandem Tudor domain directs UHRF1 binding to the heterochromatin mark histone H3K9me3 and the PHD domain targets UHRF1 to unmodified histone H3 in euchromatic regions. The RING-HC finger exhibits both autocatalytic E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase activity and activity against histone H3 and DNMT1.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 6324518   14 DGTKdaILYKIIESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTqkeLACPQCRSDI--TTIPALNTTLQQYLS 90
Cdd:cd16769   1 PFQL--FLSKVEETFQCICCQELVFRPITTVCQHNVCKDCLDRSFRAQV---FSCPACRYDLgrSYAMQVNQPLQTVLN 74

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 151 (RNF151) and similar proteins; RNF151 is a testis-specific RING finger protein that interacts with dysbindin, a synaptic and microtubular protein that binds brain snapin, a SNARE-binding protein that mediates intracellular membrane fusion in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Thus, it may be involved in acrosome formation of spermatids by interacting with multiple proteins participating in membrane biogenesis and microtubule organization. RNF151 contains a C3HC4-type RING finger domain, a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS), and a TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-type zinc finger domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 6324518   28 LVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFAsntqKELACPQCRSDI 75
Cdd:cd16547   4 LICSICHGVLRCPVRLSCSHIFCKKCILQWLK----RQETCPCCRKEV 47

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in the LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family; The LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family includes LONRF1 (also known as RING finger protein 191 or RNF191), LONRF2 (also known as RING finger protein 192, RNF192, or neuroblastoma apoptosis-related protease), LONRF3 (also known as RING finger protein 127 or RNF127), which are characterized by containing two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, four tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, and an ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain at the C-terminus. Their biological functions remain unclear. This model corresponds to the second RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQkelaCPQCRSDI 75
Cdd:cd16514   4 CSLCLRLLYEPVTTPCGHTFCRACLERCLDHSPK----CPLCRTSL 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 9 (TRIM9) and similar proteins; TRIM9, human ortholog of rat Spring, also known as RING finger protein 91 (RNF91), is a brain-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase collaborating with an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBCH5b. TRIM9 plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal functions and participates in the neurodegenerative disorders through its ligase activity. It interacts with the WD repeat region of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) through its N-terminal degron motif depending on the phosphorylation status, and thus negatively regulates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in the NF-kappaB pro-inflammatory signaling pathway. Moreover, TRIM9 acts as a critical catalytic link between Netrin-1 and the exocytic soluble NSF attachment receptor protein (SNARE) machinery in murine cortical neurons. It promotes SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion and axon branching in a Netrin-dependent manner. TRIM9 belongs to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGC-----LNTWFASNTQKELACPQC 71
Cdd:cd16755   2 EELKCPVCGSFYREPIILPCSHNLCLACarnilVQTPEAESPQSCLTCPQC 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased recombination centers protein 20 (IRC20) and similar proteins; IRC20 is an uncharacterized ATP-dependent helicase that is probably involved in a pathway contributing to genomic integrity. IRC20 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 6324518   28 LVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTqkelACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd23135   4 LSCSICFSEIRSGAILKCGHFFCLSCIASWLREKS----TCPLCK 44

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6324518     26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHN-YCYGCLNTWFASNTQkelaCPQCRSDITTI 78
Cdd:pfam13920   1 EDLLCVICLDRPRNVVLLPCGHLcLCEECAERLLRKKKK----CPICRQPIESV 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM50, TRIM73, TRIM74 and similar proteins; TRIM50 is a stomach-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, encoded by the Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) TRIM50 gene, which regulates vesicular trafficking for acid secretion in gastric parietal cells. It colocalizes, interacts with, and increases the level of p62/SQSTM1, a multifunctional adaptor protein implicated in various cellular processes including the autophagy clearance of polyubiquitinated protein aggregates. It also promotes the formation and clearance of aggresome-associated polyubiquitinated proteins through the interaction with histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a tubulin specific deacetylase that regulates microtubule-dependent aggresome formation. TRIM50 can be acetylated by PCAF and p300. TRIM50 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. This subfamily also includes two paralogs of TRIM50, tripartite motif-containing protein 73 (TRIM73), also known as tripartite motif-containing protein 50B (TRIM50B), and tripartite motif-containing protein 74 (TRIM74), also known as tripartite motif-containing protein 50C (TRIM50C), both of which are WBS-related genes encoding proteins that may also act as E3 ligases. In contrast with TRIM50, TRIM73 and TRIM74 belong to the C-V subclass of TRIM family of proteins that are defined by N-terminal RBCC domains only.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 6324518   28 LVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTwFASNTQKELACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd16605   1 LLCPICLEVFKEPLMLQCGHSYCKSCLVS-LSGELDGQLLCPVCR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 2 (UHRF2); UHRF2, also known as Np95/ICBP90-like RING finger protein (NIRF), Np95-like RING finger protein, nuclear protein 97, nuclear zinc finger protein Np97, RING finger protein 107, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF2, was originally identified as a ubiquitin ligase acting as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase that enhances zinc finger protein 131 (ZNF131) SUMOylation, but does not enhance ZNF131 ubiquitination. It also ubiquitinates PCNP, a PEST-containing nuclear protein. Moreover, UHRF2 functions as a nuclear protein involved in cell-cycle regulation and has been implicated in tumorigenesis. It interacts with cyclins, CDKs, p53, pRB, PCNA, HDAC1, DNMTs, G9a, methylated histone H3 lysine 9, and methylated DNA. It interacts with the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, ubiquitinates cyclins D1 and E1, induces G1 arrest, and is involved in the G1/S transition regulation. Furthermore, UHRF2 is a direct transcriptional target of the transcription factor E2F-1 in the induction of apoptosis. It recruits HDAC1 and binds to methyl-CpG. UHRF2 also participates in the maturation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) through interacting with HBV core protein and promoting its degradation. UHRF2 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) domain, a SET- and RING-associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASntqKELACPQCRSDI--TTIPALNTTLQQYLS 90
Cdd:cd16770   2 ESFLCICCQELVYQPVTTECQHNVCKSCLQRSFKA---EVYTCPACRHDLgkNYSMVPNKILQTLLD 65

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ligand of numb protein X 3 (LNX3); LNX3, also known as PDZ domain-containing RING finger protein 3 (PDZRN3), or Semaphorin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein 3 (SEMACAP3), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was first identified as a Semaphorin-binding partner. It is also responsible for the ubiquitination and degradation of Numb, a component of the Notch signaling pathway that functions in the specification of cell fates during development and is known to control cell numbers during neurogenesis in vertebrates. LNX3 acts as a negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. LNX3 also plays an important role in neuromuscular junction formation. It interacts with and ubiquitinates the muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), thus promoting its endocytosis and negatively regulating the cell surface expression of this key regulator of postsynaptic assembly. LNX3 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, two PDZ domains, and a C-terminal LNX3 homology (LNX3H) domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   28 LVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFAsntqKELACP-QCR 72
Cdd:cd16718   5 FKCNLCNKVLEDPLTTPCGHVFCAGCVLPWVV----QQGSCPvKCQ 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 5 (RNF5) and similar proteins; RNF5, also known as protein G16 or Ram1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase anchored to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It acts at early stages of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) biosynthesis and functions as a target for therapeutic modalities to antagonize mutant CFTR proteins in CF patients carrying the F508del allele. It also regulates the turnover of specific G protein-coupled receptors by ubiquitinating JNK-associated membrane protein (JAMP) and preventing proteasome recruitment. RNF5 limits basal levels of autophagy and influences susceptibility to bacterial infection through the regulation of ATG4B stability. It is also involved in the degradation of Pendrin, a transmembrane chloride/anion exchanger highly expressed in thyroid, kidney, and inner ear. RNF5 plays an important role in cell adhesion and migration. It can modulate cell migration by ubiquitinating paxillin. Furthermore, RNF5 interacts with virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) at mitochondria in a viral infection-dependent manner, and further targets VISA at K362 and K461 for K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation after viral infection. It also negatively regulates virus-triggered signaling by targeting MITA, also known as STING, for ubiquitination and degradation at the mitochondria. In addition, RNF5 determines breast cancer response to ER stress-inducing chemotherapies through the regulation of the L-glutamine carrier proteins SLC1A5 and SLC38A2 (SLC1A5/38A2). It also has been implicated in muscle organization and in recognition and processing of misfolded proteins. RNF5 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKElACPQCRSDIT 76
Cdd:cd16743   3 CNICLETARDAVVSLCGHLFCWPCLHQWLETRPERQ-ECPVCKAGIS 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein KEEP ON GOING (KEG) and similar proteins; KEG, also called RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase KEG, is a RING E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. It is essential for Arabidopsis growth and development. It acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling. It is required for ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) degradation, by mediating its ubiquitination. Together with EDR1, KEG may regulate endocytic trafficking and/or the formation of signaling complexes on trans-Golgi network (TGN)/ early endosome (EE) vesicles during stress responses. KEG is a multidomain protein that includes a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a kinase domain, ankyrin repeats, and 12 HERC2-like (for HECT and RCC1-like) repeats.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 6324518   29 VCSICHDYM----FVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKELACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd23140   3 ECSVCSEGYnedeRVPLLLQCGHTFCKDCLSQMFIRCTDLTLKCPRCR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ligand of Numb protein LNX3, LNX4, and similar proteins; The ligand of Numb protein X (LNX) family, also known as PDZ and RING (PDZRN) family, includes LNX1-5, which can interact with Numb, a key regulator of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. LNX5 (also known as PDZK4, or PDZRN4L) shows high sequence homology to LNX3 and LNX4, but it lacks the RING domain. LNX1-4 proteins function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and have a unique domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal RING-HC finger for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and either two or four PDZ domains necessary for the substrate-binding. This family corresponds to LNX3/LNX4-like proteins, which contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and two PDZ domains.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   28 LVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTqkelACP-QCR 72
Cdd:cd16512   1 LKCKLCLGVLEEPLATPCGHVFCAGCVLPWVVRNG----SCPlKCE 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein BENZOIC ACID HYPERSENSITIVE 1 (BAH1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana BAH1 and BAH1-like. BAH1, also known as protein NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION (NLA), or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase BAH1, acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. It plays a role in salicylic acid-mediated negative feedback regulation of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. It may be involved in the overall regulation of SA, benzoic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. It controls the adaptability to nitrogen limitation by channeling the phenylpropanoid metabolic flux to the induced anthocyanin synthesis. BAH1-like, also known as RING finger protein 178, or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase BAH1-like, is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Members of this subfamily contain a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 6324518   27 SLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNT-------QKELACPQCRSD 74
Cdd:cd23127   8 DLTCSICLDTVFDPVALGCGHLFCNSCACSAASVLIfqglkaaPPEAKCPLCRQD 62

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING membrane-anchor proteins (AtRMAs) and similar proteins; AtRMAs, including AtRma1, AtRma2, and AtRma3, are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Arabidopsis homologs of human outer membrane of the ER-anchor E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, RING finger protein 5 (RNF5). AtRMAs possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and may play a role in the growth and development of Arabidopsis. The AtRMA1 and AtRMA3 genes are predominantly expressed in major tissues, such as cotyledons, leaves, shoot-root junction, roots, and anthers, while AtRMA2 expression is restricted to the root tips and leaf hydathodes. AtRma1 probably functions with the Ubc4/5 subfamily of E2. AtRma2 is likely involved in the cellular regulation of ABP1 expression levels through interacting with auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1). AtRMA proteins contain an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a trans-membrane-anchoring domain in their extreme C-terminal region.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKElACPQCRS 73
Cdd:cd16745   3 CNICLDLAQDPVVTLCGHLFCWPCLHKWLRRQSSQP-ECPVCKA 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) and similar proteins; COP1, also known as RING finger and WD repeat domain protein 2 (RFWD2) or RING finger protein 200 (RNF200), is a central regulator of photomorphogenic development in plants, which targets key transcription factors for proteasome-dependent degradation. It is localized predominantly in the nucleus, but may also be present in the cytosol. Mammalian COP1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with Jun transcription factors and modulates their transcriptional activity. It also interacts with and negatively regulates the tumor-suppressor protein p53. Moreover, COP1 associates with COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6), and is involved in 14-3-3sigma ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The CSN6-COP1 link enhances ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p27(Kip1), a critical CDK inhibitor involved in cell cycle regulation, to promote cancer cell growth. Furthermore, COP1 functions as the negative regulator of ETV1 and influences prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. COP1 contains an N-terminal extension, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a coiled coil domain, and seven WD40 repeats. In human COP1, a classic leucine-rich NES, and a novel bipartite NLS is bridged by the RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 6324518   28 LVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTwFASNTQKelaCPQCRSDIT 76
Cdd:cd16504   3 FLCPICFDIIKEAFVTKCGHSFCYKCIVK-HLEQKNR---CPKCNFYLT 47

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTwfASNTQKELACPQCRS 73
Cdd:COG5574 218 CFLCLEEPEVPSCTPCGHLFCLSCLLI--SWTKKKYEFCPLCRA 259

RING finger, HC subclass, found in peroxin-2 (PEX2) and similar proteins; PEX2, also known as peroxisome biogenesis factor 2, 35 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein, peroxisomal membrane protein 3, peroxisome assembly factor 1 (PAF-1), or RING finger protein 72 (RNF72), is an integral peroxisomal membrane protein with two transmembrane regions and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger within its cytoplasmically exposed C-terminus. It may be involved in the biogenesis of peroxisomes, as well as in peroxisomal matrix protein import. Mutations in the PEX2 gene are the primary defect in a subset of patients with Zellweger syndrome and related peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Moreover, PEX2 functions as an E3-ubiquitin ligase that mediates the UBC4-dependent polyubiquitination of PEX5, a key player in peroxisomal matrix protein import, to control PEX5 receptor recycling or degradation.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDY-MFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNtqKELACPQCRSDI 75
Cdd:cd16526   4 CAICGEWpTNNPYSTGCGHVYCYYCIKSNLLAD--DSFTCPRCGSPV 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKelaCPQCRSDIT 76
Cdd:cd16509   6 CAICLDSLTNPVITPCAHVFCRRCICEVIQREKAK---CPMCRAPLS 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 (RNFT1); RNFT1, also known as protein PTD016, is a multi-pass membrane protein containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Its biological role remains unclear.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   29 VCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFasntQKELACPQCRSDI 75
Cdd:cd16741  16 ICAICQAEFRKPILLICQHVFCEECISLWF----NREKTCPLCRTVI 58

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RMA2; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 6324518    30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTW-FASNTQKELA-----------CPQCRSDIT 76
Cdd:PLN03208  21 CNICLDQVRDPVVTLCGHLFCWPCIHKWtYASNNSRQRVdqydhkreppkCPVCKSDVS 79

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 125 (RNF125); RNF125, also known as T-cell RING activation protein 1 (TRAC-1), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid cells, and functions as a positive regulator of T cell activation. It also down-modulates HIV replication and inhibits pathogen-induced cytokine production. It negatively regulates type I interferon signaling, which conjugates Lys(48)-linked ubiquitination to retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and subsequently leads to the proteasome-dependent degradation of RIG-I. Further, RNF125 conjugates ubiquitin to melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a family protein of RIG-I. It thus acts as a negative regulator of RIG-I signaling, and is a direct target of miR-15b in the context of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Moreover, RNF125 binds to and ubiquitinates JAK1, prompting its degradation and inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) expression. It also negatively regulates p53 function through physical interaction and ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation. Mutations in RNF125 may lead to overgrowth syndromes (OGS). RNF125, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM). The UIM of RNF125 binds K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains and is, together with the RING domain, required for auto-ubiquitination.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   27 SLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQkelACPQCRS 73
Cdd:cd16542   1 NFDCAVCLEVLHQPVRTRCGHVFCRPCIATSLRNNTW---TCPYCRA 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM58 and similar proteins; TRIM58, also known as protein BIA2, is an erythroid E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase induced during late erythropoiesis. It binds and ubiquitinates the intermediate chain of the microtubule motor dynein (DYNC1LI1/DYNC1LI2), stimulating the degradation of the dynein holoprotein complex. It may participate in the erythroblast enucleation process through regulation of nuclear polarization. TRIM58 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   30 CSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKE---LACPQCRS 73
Cdd:cd16606   5 CPVCLDFLQEPVSVDCGHSFCLRCISEFCEKSDSAQggvYACPQCRG 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Ret finger protein-like 4B (RFPL4B) and similar proteins; RFPL4B, also called RING finger protein 211 (RNF211), is an uncharacterized RING finger protein containing a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 6324518   26 ESLVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKELACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd16623   7 MEATCPICLDFFSHPISLSCAHIFCFDCIQKWMTKREDSILTCPLCR 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in radiation sensitivity protein 5 (RAD5) and similar proteins; RAD5, also known as revertibility protein 2 (REV2), or DNA repair protein RAD5, is a probable helicase, and a member of the UBC2/RAD6 epistasis group. It functions with the DNA repair protein RAD18 in error-free postreplication DNA repair. It is involved in the maintenance of wild-type rates of instability of simple repetitive sequences such as poly(GT) repeats. It may also be involved in maintaining a balance which acts in favor of error-prone non-homologous joining during DNA double-strand breaks repairs. It recruits the UBC13-MMS2 dimer to chromatin for DNA repair. RAD5 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 6324518   25 IESLVCSICHDYMFVPM---MTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQKELA--CPQCRSDI 75
Cdd:cd23131   1 LIEVECSICTQEPIEVGevvFTECGHSFCEDCLLEYIEFQNKKKLDlkCPNCREPI 56

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in synoviolin and similar proteins; Synoviolin, also known as synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1 (Syvn1), Hrd1, or Der3, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchoring E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a suppressor of ER stress-induced apoptosis and plays a role in homeostasis maintenance. It also targets tumor suppressor gene p53 for proteasomal degradation, suggesting crosstalk between ER associated degradation (ERAD) and p53 mediated apoptotic pathway under ER stress. Moreover, synoviolin controls body weight and mitochondrial biogenesis through negative regulation of the thermogenic coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1beta. It upregulates amyloid beta production by targeting a negative regulator of gamma-secretase, Retention in endoplasmic reticulum 1 (Rer1), for degradation. It is also involved in the degradation of endogenous immature nicastrin, and affects amyloid beta-protein generation. Moreover, synoviolin is highly expressed in rheumatoid synovial cells and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It functions as an anti-apoptotic factor that is responsible for the outgrowth of synovial cells during the development of RA. It promotes inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ubiquitination and degradation in synovial fibroblasts with collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, the upregulation of synoviolin may represent a protective response against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, synoviolin is involved in liver fibrogenesis. Synoviolin contains a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 6324518   29 VCSICHDYMFV-PMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFasntQKELACPQCR 72
Cdd:cd16479   3 TCIICREEMTVgAKKLPCGHIFHLSCLRSWL----QRQQTCPTCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 8 (RNF8) and similar proteins; RNF8 is a telomere-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair via histone ubiquitination. It is localized in the nucleus and interacts with class III E2s (UBE2E2, UbcH6, and UBE2E3), but not with other E2s (UbcH5, UbcH7, UbcH10, hCdc34, and hBendless). It recruits UBC13 for lysine 63-based self polyubiquitylation. Its deficiency causes neuronal pathology and cognitive decline, and its loss results in neuron degeneration. RNF8, together with RNF168, catalyzes a series of ubiquitylation events on substrates such as H2A and H2AX, with the H2AK13/15 ubiquitylation being particularly important for recruitment of repair factors p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) or the RAP80-BRCA1 complex to sites of DSBs. RNF8 mediates the ubiquitination of gammaH2AX, and recruits 53BP1 and BRCA1 to DNA damage sites which promotes DNA damage response (DDR) and inhibits chromosomal instability. Moreover, RNF8 interacts with retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha) and enhances its transcription-stimulating activity. It also regulates the rate of exit from mitosis and cytokinesis. RNF8 contains an N-terminal forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

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gi 6324518   28 LVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGCLNTWFASNTQkelaCPQCRSDITT 77
Cdd:cd16535   2 LQCSICSELFIEAVTLNCSHSFCSYCITEWMKRKKE----CPICRKPITS 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in midline-1 (MID1) and similar proteins; MID1, also known as midin, midline 1 RING finger protein, putative transcription factor XPRF, RING finger protein 59 (RNF59), or tripartite motif-containing protein 18 (TRIM18), is a microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal differentiation, cell migration and adhesion, and programmed cell death along specific regions of the ventral midline during embryogenesis. It monoubiquinates the alpha4 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), promoting proteosomal degradation of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) and preventing the A and B subunits from forming an active complex. It promotes allergen and rhinovirus-induced asthma through the inhibition of PP2A activity. It is strongly upregulated in cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) and directs lytic granule exocytosis and cytotoxicity of killer T cells. Loss-of-function mutations in MID1 lead to the human X-linked Opitz G/BBB (XLOS) syndrome characterized by defective midline development during embryogenesis. MID1 belongs to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. MID1 hetero-dimerizes in vitro with its paralog MID2.

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gi 6324518   28 LVCSICHDYMFVPMMTPCGHNYCYGC----LNTWFASNTQKE----LACPQCRSDIT 76
Cdd:cd16753   6 LTCPICLELFEDPLLLPCAHSLCFNCahriLVSHCASNESVEsitaFQCPTCRYVIT 62