Excerpt

This report on calcium and related nutrients is the first in a series of reports that presents dietary reference values for the intake of nutrients by Americans and Canadians. The overall project is a comprehensive effort undertaken by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI Committee) of the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, with the involvement of Health Canada.

Contents

• STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
• PANEL ON CALCIUM AND RELATED NUTRIENTS
• SUBCOMMITTEE ON UPPER REFERENCE LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS
• FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD
• Preface
• Summary
  • BACKGROUND AND HISTORY
  • WHAT ARE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES?
  • COMPARISON OF RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES AND ADEQUATE INTAKES
  • INDICATOR OF NUTRIENT ADEQUACY
  • CRITERIA FOR DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
  • USES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
  • CRITERIA AND PROPOSED VALUES FOR EARs, RDAs, AND AIs
  • CRITERIA AND PROPOSED VALUES FOR ULs
  • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
• 1. Dietary Reference Intakes
  • INTRODUCTION
  • WHAT ARE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES?
  • CATEGORIES OF DRIs
  • USES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
  • COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
  • PARAMETERS FOR DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
  • SUMMARY
• 2. Calcium and Related Nutrients: Overview and Methods
  • OVERVIEW
  • METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • NUTRIENT INTAKE ESTIMATES
  • DIETARY INTAKES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
  • USE OF ADEQUATE INTAKE RATHER THAN ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENT
• 3. A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
  • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  • A MODEL FOR DERIVATION OF TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
  • RISK ASSESSMENT AND FOOD SAFETY
  • APPLICATION OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL TO NUTRIENTS
  • STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UL
  • GLOSSARY
• 4. Calcium
  • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  • ESTIMATING REQUIREMENTS FOR CALCIUM
  • FINDINGS BY LIFE STAGE AND GENDER GROUP
  • TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
  • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
• 5. Phosphorus
  • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  • ESTIMATING REQUIREMENTS FOR PHOSPHORUS
  • FINDINGS BY LIFE STAGE AND GENDER GROUP
  • TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
  • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
• 6. Magnesium
  • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  • ESTIMATING REQUIREMENTS FOR MAGNESIUM
  • FINDINGS BY LIFE STAGE AND GENDER GROUP
  • TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
  • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
• 7. Vitamin D
  • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  • ESTIMATING REQUIREMENTS FOR VITAMIN D
  • FINDINGS BY LIFE STAGE AND GENDER GROUP
  • TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
  • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
• 8. Fluoride
  • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  • ESTIMATING REQUIREMENTS FOR FLUORIDE
  • FINDINGS BY LIFE STAGE AND GENDER GROUP
  • TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
  • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
• 9. Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes
  • OVERVIEW
  • USING RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES
  • USING ADEQUATE INTAKES
  • USING TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
  • USING ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENTS
  • OTHER USES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
  • ADDRESSING DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN USUAL INTAKE AND THE AI
  • SUMMARY
• References
• APPENDIXES
  • A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes
  • B Acknowledgments
  • C Options for Dealing with Uncertainties
  • D 1994 CSFII Adjusted Data for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium
  • E Model for Estimating Calcium Intake for Desirable Calcium Retention
  • F Biographical Sketches of Committee, Subcommittee, Panel Members and Staff

This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Grant No. 59-0700-6- 061), the National Institutes of Health (Grant No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO 19), the Food and Drug Administration (Grant No. 223-90-2223), and with assistance from Health Canada.

The opinions or conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the funders.

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.