Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience

With contributions from pioneers in the field, Electrochemical Models for Neuroscience lays the scientific foundation for incorporating electrochemcial techniques, tested protocols, and tricks-of-the-trade into ongoing or newly emerging research programs in the neuroscience disciplines. It explores the latest methodologies including continuous amperometry, fast scan cyclic voltammetry, high-speed chronoamperometry, ion-selective microelectrodes, enzyme based microelectrodes, and in vivo voltammetry with telemetry. The text also introduces emerging concepts in the field such as the correlation of electrochemical recordings with information obtained from patch clamp, electrophysiological, and behavioral techniques.

Contents

• Series Preface
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• 1. An Introduction to Electrochemical Methods in Neuroscience
  Laura M. Borland and Adrian C. Michael.
  • Introduction
  • In Vivo Electrochemistry: The Benefits of Size and Speed
  • The Scope of Electrochemistry in the Neurosciences
  • Electrochemistry Fundamentals
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 2. Rapid Dopamine Release in Freely Moving Rats
  Donita L. Robinson and R. Mark Wightman.
  • The Phenomenon of Dopamine Transients
  • Measurement of Dopamine Transients: Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry
  • Naturally Occurring Dopamine Transients
  • Function of Dopamine Transients
  • References
• 3. Presynaptic Regulation of Extracellular Dopamine as Studied by Continuous Amperometry in Anesthetized Animals
  Marianne Benoit-Marand, Marie-Francoise Suaud-Chagny, and François Gonon.
  • Electrically Evoked Dopamine Release Monitored by Continuous Amperometry
  • Characteristics of Dopaminergic Transmission
  • Technical Recommendations
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 4. Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry of Dopamine and Serotonin in Mouse Brain Slices
  Carrie E. John and Sara R. Jones.
  • Introduction
  • Advantages of the Use of Mouse Brain Slices
  • Methodology for Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry in Mouse Brain Slices
  • Monoamine Uptake Inhibitors and Releasers
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 5. High-Speed Chronoamperometry to Study Kinetics and Mechanisms for Serotonin Clearance In Vivo
  Lynette C. Daws and Glenn M. Toney.
  • Introduction: Serotonin and the Serotonin Transporter
  • Voltammetric Techniques Used to Study Kinetics of Serotonin Clearance in Brain
  • Kinetics of Serotonin Clearance
  • Receptor Regulation of the Serotonin Transporter
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 6. Using High-Speed Chronoamperometry with Local Dopamine Application to Assess Dopamine Transporter Function
  Joshua M. Gulley, Gaynor A. Larson, and Nancy R. Zahniser.
  • Introduction
  • Use of High-Speed Chronoamperometry (HSC) with Local DA Application to Measure in Vivo DAT Function in Discrete Brain Regions of Anesthetized Rats and Mice
  • Additional Applications of HSC with Local Da Application to Measure DAT Function
  • Future Directions in Using HSC to Measure DAT Function
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 7. Determining Serotonin and Dopamine Uptake Rates in Synaptosomes Using High-Speed Chronoamperometry
  Xiomara A. Perez, Amanda J. Bressler, and Anne Milasincic Andrews.
  • Introduction: History of Investigating Monoamine Neurotransmitter Uptake
  • Chronoamperometry Methods for Determining Uptake in Synaptosomes
  • Characterization of Microelectrode Responses
  • Effects of Oxygen on Synaptosomal Uptake of Serotonin
  • Effects of Stirring on Synaptosomal Uptake of Serotonin
  • Effects of Uptake Inhibitors on Synaptosomal Uptake of Serotonin
  • Inactivation of Serotonin Transporter Expression Results in a Gene Dose-Dependent Reduction in Serotonin Uptake
  • Uptake Kinetics of Serotonin by Chronoamperometry
  • Chronoamperometry versus Radiochemical Methods: Why Such Discrepancies in Uptake Rates?
  • Determination of Dopamine Uptake in α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice by Chronoamperometry
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 8. Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry to Investigate Somatodendritic Dopamine Release
  Sarah Threlfell and Stephanie J. Cragg.
  • What Is Somatodendritic Dopamine Release?
  • Methodological Approaches to the Study of Somatodendritic Dopamine Release
  • What Is the Mechanism of Release?
  • Regulation of Somatodendritic Dopamine Signals by Extracellular Geometry and Uptake
  • Neuromodulation of Somatodendritic Release
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 9. From Interferant Anion to Neuromodulator: Ascorbate Oxidizes its Way to Respectability
  George V. Rebec.
  • Introduction
  • Basic Chemistry
  • Ascorbate Electrochemistry
  • Ascorbate and Huntington’s Disease
  • Summary and Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 10. Biophysical Properties of Brain Extracellular Space Explored with Ion-Selective Microelectrodes, Integrative Optical Imaging and Related Techniques
  Sabina Hrabětová and Charles Nicholson.
  • Introduction: Extracellular Space
  • Tools and Methods to Study Extracellular Space in Real Time
  • Choice of Brain Tissue Preparation
  • Specialized Software for Point-Source Diffusion Analysis
  • Diffusion Properties of Brain Extracellular Space
  • Monte Carlo Simulation of Diffusion in 3d Media
  • Future Directions
  • References
• 11. Hydrogen Peroxide as a Diffusible Messenger: Evidence from Voltammetric Studies of Dopamine Release in Brain Slices
  Margaret E. Rice, Marat V. Avshalumov, and Jyoti C. Patel.
  • Introduction
  • Overview
  • Voltammetric Methods
  • Brain Slice Methodology
  • Stimulating and Recording Da Release in Brain Slices
  • Regulation Of Striatal DA Release By H₂O₂
  • Summary and Future Directions for studies of H₂O₂ as a Neuromodulator
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 12. In Vivo Voltammetry with Telemetry
  Paul A. Garris, Phillip G. Greco, Stefan G. Sandberg, Greg Howes, Sirinun Pongmaytegul, Byron A. Heidenreich, Joseph M. Casto, Robert Ensman, John Poehlman, Andy Alexander, and George V. Rebec.
  • Introduction
  • Principles of Telemetry
  • Wireless Neural Monitoring and Control
  • Real-Time Animal Telemetry
  • Future Directions
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 13. Oxidative Stress at the Single Cell Level
  Christian Amatore and Stéphane Arbault.
  • Introduction
  • Microelectrode Detection of Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Released by Living Cells
  • Microelectrode Detection of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite Releases by Living Cells
  • Conclusions and Perspectives
  • References
• 14. Electrochemistry at the Cell Membrane/Solution Interface
  Nathan Wittenberg, Marc Maxson, Daniel Eves, Ann-Sofie Cans, and Andrew G. Ewing.
  • Introduction
  • Other Techniques
  • Electrochemistry at Bilayer Membranes
  • Electrochemical Methods Applied to Neuroscience
  • Summary and Future Perspectives
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 15. The Patch Amperometry Technique: Design of a Method to Study Exocytosis of Single Vesicles
  Gregor Dernick, Guillermo Alvarez de Toledo, and Manfred Lindau.
  • Introduction: Capacitance Measurements of Membrane Fusion with Amperometric Detection of Released Molecules
  • Patch Amperometry
  • Analysis of Exocytotic Events
  • Summary and Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 16. Amperometric Detection of Dopamine Exocytosis from Synaptic Terminals
  Roland G. W. Staal, Stephen Rayport, and David Sulzer.
  • Introduction to Dopamine Neurotransmission
  • Methods
  • References
• 17. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy as a Tool in Neuroscience
  Albert Schulte and Wolfgang Schuhmann.
  • Introduction
  • Operational Principles of the Amperometric Feedback and the Generator/Collector Mode of SECM
  • Constant-Height Mode SECM Measurement at Individual Cells
  • Constant-Distance Mode SECM at Individual Cells and Cell Populations
  • Conclusion and Future Aspects
  • References
• 18. Principles, Development and Applications of Self-Referencing Electrochemical Microelectrodes to the Determination of Fluxes at Cell Membranes
  Peter J. S. Smith, Richard H. Sanger, and Mark A. Messerli.
  • Introduction
  • Self-Referencing: Principles
  • Self-Referencing: Potentiometric Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISE)
  • Self-Referencing: Amperometric Microelectrodes
  • Electrode Construction
  • Response Times
  • Spatial Resolution
  • Problems and Pitfalls
  • Positional Artifacts
  • Voltage Fields
  • Use of Buffers
  • Equipment and Software
  • Applications
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 19. Second-by-Second Measures of L-Glutamate and Other Neurotransmitters Using Enzyme-Based Microelectrode Arrays
  Kevin N. Hascup, Erin C. Rutherford, Jorge E. Quintero, B. Keith Day, Justin R. Nickell, Francois Pomerleau, Peter Huettl, Jason J. Burmeister, and Greg A. Gerhardt.
  • Introduction
  • Principles of in Vivo Electrochemistry
  • Enzyme-Based Multisite Microelectrode Arrays
  • Microelectrode Preparation
  • Amperometric Recordings Utilizing Self-Referencing Microelectrodes
  • Application to Biological Systems
  • Future Directions
  • Acknowledgments
  • Appendix A Preparing Glutamate Microelectrodes
  • References
• 20. Telemetry for Biosensor Systems
  David A. Johnson and George S. Wilson.
  • Introduction
  • Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry
  • In-Vivo Electrochemical Sensors
  • General Design Considerations
  • Power Sources
  • Rf Telemetry
  • Design Examples
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 21. The Principles, Development and Application of Microelectrodes for the In Vivo Determination of Nitric Oxide
  Michael J. Serpe and Xueji Zhang.
  • Introduction
  • NO Microelectrodes
  • Calibration of NO Microelectrodes
  • Characterization of NO Microelectrodes
  • Selected No Microelectrode Applications
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 22. In Vivo Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry of Dopamine near Microdialysis Probes
  Hua Yang and Adrian C. Michael.
  • Introduction
  • Procedures for Voltammetry near Microdialysis Probes
  • Results
  • Discussion and Implications
  • Acknowledgments
  • References

Series editors: Sidney A Simon and Miguel AL Nicolelis

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use.