Release Notes For GenBank Release 126
GBREL.TXT Genetic Sequence Data Bank
October 15 2001
NCBI-GenBank Flat File Release 126.0
Distribution Release Notes
13602262 loci, 14396883064 bases, from 13602262 reported sequences
This document describes the format and content of the flat files that
comprise releases of the GenBank database. If you have any questions or
comments about GenBank or this document, please contact NCBI via email
at info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or:
GenBank
National Center for Biotechnology Information
National Library of Medicine, 38A, 8N805
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
USA
Phone: (301) 496-2475
Fax: (301) 480-9241
==========================================================================
TABLE OF CONTENTS
==========================================================================
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Release 126.0
1.2 Cutoff Date
1.3 Important Changes in Release 126.0
1.4 Upcoming Changes
1.5 Request for Direct Submission of Sequence Data
1.6 Organization of This Document
2. ORGANIZATION OF DATA FILES
2.1 Overview
2.2 Files
2.2.1 File Descriptions
2.2.5 File Sizes
2.2.6 Per-Division Statistics
2.2.7 Selected Per-Organism Statistics
2.2.8 Growth of GenBank
3. FILE FORMATS
3.1 File Header Information
3.2 Directory Files
3.2.1 Short Directory File
3.3 Index Files
3.3.1 Accession Number Index File
3.3.2 Keyword Phrase Index File
3.3.3 Author Name Index File
3.3.4 Journal Citation Index File
3.3.5 Gene Name Index
3.4 Sequence Entry Files
3.4.1 File Organization
3.4.2 Entry Organization
3.4.3 Sample Sequence Data File
3.4.4 LOCUS Format
3.4.5 DEFINITION Format
3.4.5.1 DEFINITION Format for NLM Entries
3.4.6 ACCESSION Format
3.4.7 VERSION Format
3.4.8 KEYWORDS Format
3.4.9 SEGMENT Format
3.4.10 SOURCE Format
3.4.11 REFERENCE Format
3.4.12 FEATURES Format
3.4.12.1 Feature Key Names
3.4.12.2 Feature Location
3.4.12.3 Feature Qualifiers
3.4.12.4 Cross-Reference Information
3.4.12.5 Feature Table Examples
3.4.13 ORIGIN Format
3.4.14 SEQUENCE Format
4. ALTERNATE RELEASES
5. KNOWN PROBLEMS OF THE GENBANK DATABASE
5.1 Incorrect Gene Symbols in Entries and Index
6. GENBANK ADMINISTRATION
6.1 Registered Trademark Notice
6.2 Citing GenBank
6.3 GenBank Distribution Formats and Media
6.4 Other Methods of Accessing GenBank Data
6.5 Request for Corrections and Comments
6.6 Credits and Acknowledgments
6.7 Disclaimer
==========================================================================
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Release 126.0
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National
Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH) is responsible
for producing and distributing the GenBank Sequence Database. NCBI handles
all GenBank direct submissions and authors are advised to use the address
below. Submitters are encouraged to use the free Sequin software package
for sending sequence data, or the newly developed World Wide Web submission
form. See Section 1.5 below for details.
*****************************************************************************
The address for direct submissions to GenBank is:
GenBank Submissions
National Center for Biotechnology Information
Bldg 38A, Rm. 8N-803
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
E-MAIL: gb-sub@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Updates and changes to existing GenBank records:
E-MAIL: update@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
URL for the new GenBank submission tool - BankIt - on the World Wide Web:
http://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/
(see Section 1.5 for additional details about submitting data to GenBank.)
*****************************************************************************
GenBank Release 126.0 is a release of sequence data by NCBI in the GenBank
flat file format. GenBank is a component of a tri-partite, international
collaboration of sequence databases in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. The
collaborating databases in Europe are the European Molecular Biology Laboratory
(EMBL) at Hinxton Hall, UK, and the DNA Database of Japan (DDBJ) in Mishima,
Japan. Sequence data is also incorporated from the Genome Sequence Data Base
(GSDB), Santa Fe, NM. Patent sequences are incorporated through arrangements
with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and via the collaborating
international databases from other international patent offices. The database
is converted to various output formats, including the Flat File and Abstract
Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1) versions. The ASN.1 and Flat File forms of the data
are available at NCBI's anonymous FTP server: ftp.ncbi.nih.gov .
1.2 Cutoff Date
This full release, 126.0, incorporates data available to the collaborating
databases as of October 17, 2001. For more recent data, users are advised to:
o Download the GenBank Update files by anonymous FTP to 'ftp.ncbi.nih.gov':
ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/ncbi-asn1 (ASN.1 format)
ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank (flatfile format)
Mirrors of the GenBank FTP site at the NCBI are available from the San Diego
Supercomputer Center and the University of Indiana:
ftp://genbank.sdsc.edu/pub
ftp://bio-mirror.net/biomirror/genbank/
Some users who experience slow FTP transfers of large files (entire releases,
the GenBank Cumulative Update, etc) might realize an improvement in transfer
rates from these alternate sites when traffic at the NCBI is high.
o Use the Network-Entrez or Web-Entrez applications to query interactively
the Entrez: Nucleotides database (see Section 6.4 of this document).
o Use the NCBI 'query' email server to search the GenBank Updates. Instructions
regarding the use of the e-mail server can be obtained by sending an email
message with the word 'help' in it to: query@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1.3 Important Changes in Release 126.0
1.3.1 Organizational changes
Due to database growth, the EST division is now being split into 133 pieces.
Due to database growth, the GSS division is now being split into 41 pieces.
Due to database growth, the PRI division is now being split into 14 pieces.
Due to database growth, the HTG division is now being split into 25 pieces.
1.3.2 NCBI's ftp address has changed
NCBI's FTP server has a new address:
old address: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
new address: ftp.ncbi.nih.gov
Although the old address still works, it is no longer officially supported.
So all users of the NCBI FTP server should either be using the new address now,
or actively involved in switching to the new server. Please contact the NCBI
Service Desk if you have any questions about this change:
info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1.4 Upcoming Changes
1.4.1 LOCUS line format change : to accomodate longer names and sequences
When the LOCUS line format for the GenBank flatfile was designed nearly
two decades ago, sequences over 10 Mbp in length were not anticipated. As
a result, the maximum length of a LOCUS name is nine characters, and the
maximum length of a sequence is 9,999,999 bases :
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
LOCUS AB000383 5423 bp DNA circular VRL 05-FEB-1999
Positions Contents
--------- --------
01-05 LOCUS
06-12 spaces
13-21 Locus name
22-22 space
23-29 Length of sequence, right-justified
31-32 bp
34-36 Blank, ss- (single-stranded), ds- (double-stranded), or
ms- (mixed-stranded)
37-42 Blank, DNA, RNA, tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA),
mRNA (messenger RNA), uRNA (small nuclear RNA), snRNA
43-52 Blank (implies linear) or circular
53-55 The division code (see Section 3.3)
63-73 Date, in the form dd-MMM-yyyy (e.g., 15-MAR-1991)
This has led to several problems: a) meaningful names of more than nine
characters cannot be utilized; b) the nine-character limit causes LOCUS
names to be truncated for many segmented sets of more than ten members
(see AF272557, AF272558, etc); c) invalid LOCUS lines result when the
GenBank flatfile format is used to display other types of sequence data.
For (c), consider human contig Hs22_11677 derived from primary (archival)
sequences in the HTG division of GenBank:
LOCUS Hs22_1167722998459 bp DNA PRI 10-FEB-2001
DEFINITION Homo sapiens chromosome 22 working draft sequence segment.
ACCESSION NT_011520
The LOCUS name ( Hs22_11677 ) collides with the sequence length ( 22998459 )
due to the restrictions of the LOCUS line format.
To address the LOCUS problems, a new LOCUS line format which allows names
of up to 16 characters, sequences of up to 99,999,999,999 bases, and a uniform
number of data values (eight) will be utilized for all GenBank records starting
with Release 127.0 in December 2001.
There have been several changes to this new format since it was originally
announced in April 2001. Because a new molecule type of snoRNA was approved at
a recent GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ collaborative meeting, the molecule type has been
increased to 6 characters. An additional space was reserved in case 7 character
molecule types ever appear. This reduced the space available for LOCUS names
from 18 character to 16 characters. Lastly, we realized that the presence of
spaces for linear molecules and 'circular' for circular molecules makes simple
token-based parsing of the LOCUS line a harder task. So 'linear' will be
present in the new LOCUS format.
The last change is also to encourage software developers to switch to a
token-based LOCUS parsing approach, rather than a column-specific approach.
If this is done, then future changes to the LOCUS line that affect only the
spacing of its data values will not require any modifications to software.
Because of these changes, the introduction of the new format will occur with
Release 127.0 in December 2001. Here is the revised LOCUS line format:
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
LOCUS 16Char_LocusName 99999999999 bp ss-snoRNA circular DIV DD-MMM-YYYY
Positions Contents
--------- --------
01-05 LOCUS
06-12 spaces
13-28 Locus name
31-31 space
30-40 Length of sequence, right-justified
41-41 space
42-43 bp
44-44 space
45-47 spaces, ss- (single-stranded), ds- (double-stranded), or
ms- (mixed-stranded)
48-53 NA, DNA, RNA, tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA),
mRNA (messenger RNA), uRNA (small nuclear RNA), snRNA,
snoRNA. Left justified.
54-55 space
56-63 'linear' followed by two spaces, or 'circular'
64-64 space
65-67 The division code (see Section 3.3)
68-68 space
69-79 Date, in the form dd-MMM-yyyy (e.g., 15-MAR-1991)
Here's how two existing records will appear using this new format:
LOCUS AB000383 5423 bp DNA circular VRL 05-FEB-1999
DEFINITION Leucania seperata nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA for p13, xe,
envelope protein, complete cds.
ACCESSION AB000383
LOCUS AF345888 147 bp ss-RNA linear VRL 21-JUN-2001
DEFINITION Chikungunya virus nonstructural protein 4 gene, partial cds.
ACCESSION AF345888
Sample GenBank flatfiles utilizing the new LOCUS line format will be made
available after Releases 125.0 (August) and 126.0 (October), so that developers
can test software that parses GenBank flatfiles. Further announcements about
the LOCUS line change will be made via these release notes and the GenBank
newsgroup (bionet.molbio.genbank).
1.4.2 Selenocysteine representation
Selenocysteine residues within the protein translations of coding
region features have been represented in GenBank via the letter 'X'
and a /transl_except qualifier. At the May 1999 DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank
collaborative meeting, it was learned that IUPAC plans to adopt the
letter 'U' for selenocysteine.
DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank will thus use this new amino acid abbreviation
for its /translation qualifiers. Although a timetable for its appearance
has not been finalized, we are mentioning this now because the introduction
of a new residue abbreviation is a fairly fundamental change.
Details about the use of 'U' will be made available via these release
notes and the GenBank newsgroup as they become available.
1.4.3 New REFERENCE type for on-line journals
Agreement was reached at the May 1999 collaborative DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank
meeting that an effort should be made to accomodate references which are
published only on-line. Until specifications for such references are
available from library organizations, GenBank will present them in a manner
like this:
REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 2858)
AUTHORS Smith, J.
TITLE Cloning and expression of a phospholipase gene
JOURNAL Online Publication
REMARK Online-Journal-name; Article Identifier; URL
This format is still tentative; additional information about this new
reference type will be made available via these release notes.
1.5 Request for Direct Submission of Sequence Data
A successful GenBank requires that sequence data enter the database as
soon as possible after publication, that the annotations be as complete as
possible, and that the sequence and annotation data be accurate. All
three of these requirements are best met if authors of sequence data
submit their data directly to GenBank in a usable form. It is especially
important that these submissions be in computer-readable form.
GenBank must rely on direct author submission of data to ensure that
it achieves its goals of completeness, accuracy, and timeliness. To
assist researchers in entering their own sequence data, GenBank
provides a WWW submission tool called BankIt, as well as a stand-alone
software package called Sequin. BankIt and Sequin are both easy-to-use
programs that enable authors to enter a sequence, annotate it, and
submit it to GenBank. Through the international collaboration of DNA
sequence databases, GenBank submissions are forwarded daily for inclusion
in the EMBL and DDBJ databases.
SEQUIN. Sequin is an interactive, graphically-oriented program based
on screen forms and controlled vocabularies that guides you through the
process of entering your sequence and providing biological and
bibliographic annotation. Sequin is designed to simplify the sequence submission
process, and to provide increased data handling capabilities to accomodate
very long sequences, complex annotations, and robust error checking. E-mail
the completed submission file to : gb-sub@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Sequin is provided for Macintosh, PC/Windows, UNIX and VMS computers.
It is available by annonymous ftp from ftp.ncbi.nih.gov; login as
anonymous and use your e-mail address as the password. It is located in
the sequin directory. Or direct your web browser to this URL:
ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/sequin
BANKIT. BankIt provides a simple forms approach for submitting your
sequence and descriptive information to GenBank. Your submission will
be submitted directly to GenBank via the World Wide Web, and
immediately forwarded for inclusion in the EMBL and DDBJ databases.
BankIt may be used with Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other common
WWW clients. You can access BankIt from GenBank's home page:
http://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/
AUTHORIN. Authorin sequence submissions are no longer accepted by
GenBank, and the Authorin application is no longer distributed by NCBI.
If you have questions about GenBank submissions or any of the data
submission tools, contact NCBI at: info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or 301-496-2475.
1.6 Organization of This Document
The second section describes the contents of GenBank releases. The third
section illustrates the formats of the flat files. The fourth section
describes other versions of the data, the fifth section identifies known prob-
lems, and the sixth contains administrative details.
2. ORGANIZATION OF DATA FILES
2.1 Overview
GenBank releases consist of a set of ASCII text files, most of which
contain sequence data. A few supplemental "index" files are also supplied,
containing comprehensive lists of author names, journal citations,
gene names, and keywords, along with the accession numbers of the records
in which they can be found (see Section 3.3). The line-lengths of
these files is variable.
2.2 Files
This GenBank flat file release consists of 257 files. The list
that follows describes each of the files included in the distribution.
Their sizes and base pair content are also summarized.
2.2.1 File Descriptions
1. gbrel.txt - Release notes (this document).
2. gbsdr.txt - Short directory of the data bank.
3. gbacc.idx - Index of the entries according to accession number.
4. gbkey.idx - Index of the entries according to keyword phrase.
5. gbaut1.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 1.
6. gbaut2.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 2.
7. gbaut3.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 3.
8. gbaut4.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 4.
9. gbaut5.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 5.
10. gbaut6.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 6.
11. gbaut7.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 7.
12. gbaut8.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 8.
13. gbaut9.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 9.
14. gbaut10.idx - Index of the entries according to author, part 10.
15. gbjou.idx - Index of the entries according to journal citation.
16. gbgen.idx - Index of the entries according to gene names.
17. gbsec.idx - Index of the entries according to secondary accession number.
18. gbpri1.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 1.
19. gbpri2.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 2.
20. gbpri3.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 3.
21. gbpri4.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 4.
22. gbpri5.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 5.
23. gbpri6.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 6.
24. gbpri7.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 7.
25. gbpri8.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 8.
26. gbpri9.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 9.
27. gbpri10.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 10.
28. gbpri11.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 11.
29. gbpri12.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 12.
30. gbpri13.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 13.
31. gbpri14.seq - Primate sequence entries, part 14.
32. gbrod1.seq - Rodent sequence entries, part 1.
33. gbrod2.seq - Rodent sequence entries, part 2.
34. gbmam.seq - Other mammalian sequence entries.
35. gbvrt.seq - Other vertebrate sequence entries.
36. gbinv1.seq - Invertebrate sequence entries, part 1.
37. gbinv2.seq - Invertebrate sequence entries, part 2.
38. gbinv3.seq - Invertebrate sequence entries, part 3.
39. gbinv4.seq - Invertebrate sequence entries, part 4.
40. gbpln1.seq - Plant sequence entries (including fungi and algae), part 1.
41. gbpln2.seq - Plant sequence entries (including fungi and algae), part 2.
42. gbpln3.seq - Plant sequence entries (including fungi and algae), part 3.
43. gbpln4.seq - Plant sequence entries (including fungi and algae), part 4.
44. gbbct1.seq - Bacterial sequence entries, part 1.
45. gbbct2.seq - Bacterial sequence entries, part 2.
46. gbbct3.seq - Bacterial sequence entries, part 3.
47. gbbct4.seq - Bacterial sequence entries, part 4.
48. gbvrl1.seq - Viral sequence entries, part 1.
49. gbvrl2.seq - Viral sequence entries, part 2.
50. gbphg.seq - Phage sequence entries.
51. gbsyn.seq - Synthetic and chimeric sequence entries.
52. gbuna.seq - Unannotated sequence entries.
53. gbest1.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 1.
54. gbest2.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 2.
55. gbest3.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 3.
56. gbest4.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 4.
57. gbest5.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 5.
58. gbest6.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 6.
59. gbest7.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 7.
60. gbest8.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 8.
61. gbest9.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 9.
62. gbest10.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 10.
63. gbest11.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 11.
64. gbest12.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 12.
65. gbest13.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 13.
66. gbest14.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 14.
67. gbest15.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 15.
68. gbest16.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 16.
69. gbest17.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 17.
70. gbest18.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 18.
71. gbest19.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 19.
72. gbest20.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 20.
73. gbest21.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 21.
74. gbest22.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 22.
75. gbest23.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 23.
76. gbest24.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 24.
77. gbest25.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 25.
78. gbest26.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 26.
79. gbest27.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 27.
80. gbest28.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 28.
81. gbest29.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 29.
82. gbest30.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 30.
83. gbest31.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 31.
84. gbest32.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 32.
85. gbest33.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 33.
86. gbest34.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 34.
87. gbest35.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 35.
88. gbest36.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 36.
89. gbest37.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 37.
90. gbest38.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 38.
91. gbest39.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 39.
92. gbest40.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 40.
93. gbest41.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 41.
94. gbest42.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 42.
95. gbest43.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 43.
96. gbest44.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 44.
97. gbest45.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 45.
98. gbest46.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 46.
99. gbest47.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 47.
100. gbest48.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 48.
101. gbest49.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 49.
102. gbest50.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 50.
103. gbest51.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 51.
104. gbest52.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 52.
105. gbest53.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 53.
106. gbest54.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 54.
107. gbest55.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 55.
108. gbest56.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 56.
109. gbest57.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 57.
110. gbest58.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 58.
111. gbest59.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 59.
112. gbest60.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 60.
113. gbest61.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 61.
114. gbest62.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 62.
115. gbest63.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 63.
116. gbest64.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 64.
117. gbest65.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 65.
118. gbest66.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 66.
119. gbest67.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 67.
120. gbest68.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 68.
121. gbest69.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 69.
122. gbest70.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 70.
123. gbest71.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 71.
124. gbest72.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 72.
125. gbest73.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 73.
126. gbest74.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 74.
127. gbest75.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 75.
128. gbest76.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 76.
129. gbest77.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 77.
130. gbest78.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 78.
131. gbest79.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 79.
132. gbest80.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 80.
133. gbest81.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 81.
134. gbest82.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 82.
135. gbest83.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 83.
136. gbest84.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 84.
137. gbest85.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 85.
138. gbest86.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 86.
139. gbest87.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 87.
140. gbest88.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 88.
141. gbest89.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 89
142. gbest90.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 90.
143. gbest91.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 91.
144. gbest92.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 92.
145. gbest93.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 93.
146. gbest94.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 94.
147. gbest95.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 95.
148. gbest96.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 96.
149. gbest97.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 97.
150. gbest98.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 98.
151. gbest99.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 99.
152. gbest100.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 100.
153. gbest101.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 101.
154. gbest102.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 102.
155. gbest103.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 103.
156. gbest104.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 104.
157. gbest105.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 105.
158. gbest106.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 106.
159. gbest107.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 107.
160. gbest108.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 108.
161. gbest109.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 109.
162. gbest110.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 110.
163. gbest111.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 111.
164. gbest112.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 112.
165. gbest113.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 113.
166. gbest114.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 114.
167. gbest115.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 115.
168. gbest116.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 116.
169. gbest117.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 117.
170. gbest118.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 118.
171. gbest119.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 119.
172. gbest120.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 120.
173. gbest121.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 121.
174. gbest122.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 122.
175. gbest123.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 123.
176. gbest124.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 124.
177. gbest125.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 125.
178. gbest126.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 126.
179. gbest127.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 127.
180. gbest128.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 128.
181. gbest129.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 129.
182. gbest130.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 130.
183. gbest131.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 131.
184. gbest132.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 132.
185. gbest133.seq - EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence entries, part 133.
186. gbpat1.seq - Patent sequence entries, part 1.
187. gbpat2.seq - Patent sequence entries, part 2.
188. gbpat3.seq - Patent sequence entries, part 3.
189. gbsts1.seq - STS (sequence tagged site) sequence entries, part 1.
190. gbsts2.seq - STS (sequence tagged site) sequence entries, part 2.
191. gbgss1.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 1.
192. gbgss2.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 2.
193. gbgss3.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 3.
194. gbgss4.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 4.
195. gbgss5.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 5.
196. gbgss6.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 6.
197. gbgss7.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 7.
198. gbgss8.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 8.
199. gbgss9.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 9.
200. gbgss10.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 10.
201. gbgss11.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 11.
202. gbgss12.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 12.
203. gbgss13.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 13.
204. gbgss14.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 14.
205. gbgss15.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 15.
206. gbgss16.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 16.
207. gbgss17.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 17.
208. gbgss18.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 18.
209. gbgss19.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 19.
210. gbgss20.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 20.
211. gbgss21.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 21.
212. gbgss22.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 22.
213. gbgss23.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 23.
214. gbgss24.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 24.
215. gbgss25.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 25.
216. gbgss26.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 26.
217. gbgss27.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 27.
218. gbgss28.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 28.
219. gbgss29.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 29.
220. gbgss30.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 30.
221. gbgss31.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 31.
222. gbgss32.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 32.
223. gbgss33.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 33.
224. gbgss34.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 34.
225. gbgss35.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 35.
226. gbgss36.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 36.
227. gbgss37.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 37.
228. gbgss38.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 38.
229. gbgss39.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 39.
230. gbgss40.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 40.
231. gbgss41.seq - GSS (genome survey sequence) sequence entries, part 41.
232. gbhtg1.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 1.
233. gbhtg2.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 2.
234. gbhtg3.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 3.
235. gbhtg4.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 4.
236. gbhtg5.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 5.
237. gbhtg6.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 6.
238. gbhtg7.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 7.
239. gbhtg8.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 8.
240. gbhtg9.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 9.
241. gbhtg10.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 10.
242. gbhtg11.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 11.
243. gbhtg12.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 12.
244. gbhtg13.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 13.
245. gbhtg14.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 14.
246. gbhtg15.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 15.
247. gbhtg16.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 16.
248. gbhtg17.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 17.
249. gbhtg18.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 18.
250. gbhtg19.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 19.
251. gbhtg20.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 20.
252. gbhtg21.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 21.
253. gbhtg22.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 22.
254. gbhtg23.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 23.
255. gbhtg24.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 24.
256. gbhtg25.seq - HTGS (high throughput genomic sequencing) sequence entries, part 25.
257. gbhtc.seq - HTC (high throughput cDNA sequencing) entries.
Three supplemental files provide the accession numbers of GenBank entries
that are new, updated, or deleted since the previous release:
a. gbchg.txt - Entries updated since the previous release.
b. gbdel.txt - Entries deleted since the previous release.
c. gbnew.txt - Entries new since the previous release.
An experimental file called gbcon.seq provides an alternative representation
for complex sequences, such as "segmented sets" and complete-genomes that have
been split into pieces. The GenBank README describes the experimental CON
division of GenBank in more detail:
ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/README.genbank
2.2.5 File Sizes
Uncompressed, the Release 126.0 flatfiles require roughly 53.00 GB
(sequence files only) or 58.88 GB (including the 'index' files). The
following table contains the approximate sizes of the individual files
in this release. Since minor changes to some of the files may occur
after these release notes have been written, these sizes should not be
used to determine file integrity; they are provided as an aid to planning
only.
File Size File Name
441609622 gbacc.idx
521130083 gbaut1.idx
159370037 gbaut10.idx
502859957 gbaut2.idx
515350050 gbaut3.idx
504362147 gbaut4.idx
502062706 gbaut5.idx
500001456 gbaut6.idx
500693840 gbaut7.idx
506646999 gbaut8.idx
504483396 gbaut9.idx
250002314 gbbct1.seq
250505264 gbbct2.seq
250001653 gbbct3.seq
120502838 gbbct4.seq
685870 gbchg.txt
74350 gbdel.txt
229699405 gbest1.seq
230687444 gbest10.seq
230689637 gbest100.seq
230688493 gbest101.seq
230688694 gbest102.seq
230690146 gbest103.seq
230687709 gbest104.seq
230687828 gbest105.seq
230688975 gbest106.seq
230688807 gbest107.seq
230688413 gbest108.seq
230688445 gbest109.seq
230688353 gbest11.seq
230690118 gbest110.seq
230688922 gbest111.seq
226104088 gbest112.seq
230688941 gbest113.seq
230688606 gbest114.seq
230690940 gbest115.seq
230690722 gbest116.seq
230690619 gbest117.seq
230690230 gbest118.seq
230688168 gbest119.seq
230688751 gbest12.seq
230688430 gbest120.seq
230688329 gbest121.seq
230689181 gbest122.seq
230689030 gbest123.seq
230687518 gbest124.seq
230687591 gbest125.seq
230689729 gbest126.seq
230689047 gbest127.seq
230688986 gbest128.seq
230687550 gbest129.seq
230689396 gbest13.seq
220353149 gbest130.seq
230688928 gbest131.seq
230688549 gbest132.seq
19524393 gbest133.seq
230687933 gbest14.seq
230689938 gbest15.seq
230688416 gbest16.seq
230687840 gbest17.seq
230688995 gbest18.seq
230687645 gbest19.seq
226815975 gbest2.seq
230690005 gbest20.seq
230691174 gbest21.seq
230689699 gbest22.seq
230689698 gbest23.seq
230690490 gbest24.seq
230687968 gbest25.seq
230690878 gbest26.seq
230689507 gbest27.seq
230689794 gbest28.seq
230688483 gbest29.seq
227288259 gbest3.seq
230688331 gbest30.seq
230689119 gbest31.seq
189327846 gbest32.seq
186916806 gbest33.seq
200866174 gbest34.seq
212003259 gbest35.seq
212475970 gbest36.seq
213213625 gbest37.seq
215693111 gbest38.seq
230689543 gbest39.seq
230687771 gbest4.seq
230689545 gbest40.seq
216106098 gbest41.seq
230689678 gbest42.seq
230688050 gbest43.seq
230689481 gbest44.seq
230687893 gbest45.seq
230689863 gbest46.seq
230692518 gbest47.seq
230688281 gbest48.seq
230688571 gbest49.seq
162059463 gbest5.seq
230689081 gbest50.seq
230689184 gbest51.seq
230691756 gbest52.seq
226148096 gbest53.seq
230688739 gbest54.seq
207471472 gbest55.seq
207370513 gbest56.seq
206649083 gbest57.seq
205344149 gbest58.seq
204842138 gbest59.seq
174881145 gbest6.seq
205120423 gbest60.seq
204964721 gbest61.seq
204442566 gbest62.seq
205890609 gbest63.seq
203780088 gbest64.seq
201213927 gbest65.seq
201695046 gbest66.seq
202574620 gbest67.seq
203951712 gbest68.seq
219061572 gbest69.seq
230690272 gbest7.seq
230688388 gbest70.seq
219647600 gbest71.seq
227299348 gbest72.seq
230689797 gbest73.seq
230688368 gbest74.seq
230689106 gbest75.seq
230688219 gbest76.seq
230688012 gbest77.seq
230687856 gbest78.seq
230689051 gbest79.seq
230690063 gbest8.seq
230689574 gbest80.seq
230690235 gbest81.seq
230687944 gbest82.seq
230687930 gbest83.seq
230687774 gbest84.seq
230690445 gbest85.seq
230687960 gbest86.seq
230689195 gbest87.seq
230690854 gbest88.seq
230689229 gbest89.seq
230688334 gbest9.seq
230687999 gbest90.seq
230688052 gbest91.seq
230687573 gbest92.seq
230687555 gbest93.seq
230688661 gbest94.seq
230687710 gbest95.seq
230689550 gbest96.seq
226467109 gbest97.seq
230687978 gbest98.seq
230690322 gbest99.seq
17599776 gbgen.idx
209717440 gbgss1.seq
209717164 gbgss10.seq
209717886 gbgss11.seq
209718088 gbgss12.seq
209719182 gbgss13.seq
209717126 gbgss14.seq
209719125 gbgss15.seq
209718309 gbgss16.seq
209717039 gbgss17.seq
209717018 gbgss18.seq
209718545 gbgss19.seq
209716399 gbgss2.seq
209716553 gbgss20.seq
209717279 gbgss21.seq
209717549 gbgss22.seq
209717991 gbgss23.seq
209717097 gbgss24.seq
209718697 gbgss25.seq
209716577 gbgss26.seq
209716782 gbgss27.seq
209717684 gbgss28.seq
209717106 gbgss29.seq
209717108 gbgss3.seq
209719821 gbgss30.seq
209717923 gbgss31.seq
209717678 gbgss32.seq
209717451 gbgss33.seq
209716337 gbgss34.seq
61362202 gbgss35.seq
250002448 gbgss36.seq
250000936 gbgss37.seq
250002737 gbgss38.seq
250000038 gbgss39.seq
209717082 gbgss4.seq
250000779 gbgss40.seq
151555181 gbgss41.seq
209717487 gbgss5.seq
209718582 gbgss6.seq
209716364 gbgss7.seq
209716542 gbgss8.seq
209718864 gbgss9.seq
151201528 gbhtc.seq
250008833 gbhtg1.seq
250082508 gbhtg10.seq
250086797 gbhtg11.seq
250002794 gbhtg12.seq
250002382 gbhtg13.seq
250228638 gbhtg14.seq
250326506 gbhtg15.seq
250124188 gbhtg16.seq
250197877 gbhtg17.seq
250009177 gbhtg18.seq
250142145 gbhtg19.seq
250079934 gbhtg2.seq
250100234 gbhtg20.seq
250167999 gbhtg21.seq
250079210 gbhtg22.seq
250051524 gbhtg23.seq
250033729 gbhtg24.seq
84377866 gbhtg25.seq
250023559 gbhtg3.seq
250135818 gbhtg4.seq
250248713 gbhtg5.seq
250187993 gbhtg6.seq
250073101 gbhtg7.seq
250025284 gbhtg8.seq
250151169 gbhtg9.seq
250104498 gbinv1.seq
250003719 gbinv2.seq
250003458 gbinv3.seq
161636314 gbinv4.seq
397524704 gbjou.idx
307817828 gbkey.idx
109031645 gbmam.seq
12328770 gbnew.txt
250000744 gbpat1.seq
250004411 gbpat2.seq
138973293 gbpat3.seq
14416702 gbphg.seq
250014896 gbpln1.seq
250001225 gbpln2.seq
250000464 gbpln3.seq
238870628 gbpln4.seq
250044880 gbpri1.seq
250000636 gbpri10.seq
250000307 gbpri11.seq
250001523 gbpri12.seq
250003915 gbpri13.seq
181435715 gbpri14.seq
250079125 gbpri2.seq
250081297 gbpri3.seq
250088610 gbpri4.seq
250069997 gbpri5.seq
250057552 gbpri6.seq
250012478 gbpri7.seq
250153387 gbpri8.seq
250107709 gbpri9.seq
115303 gbrel.txt
250006695 gbrod1.seq
116218719 gbrod2.seq
108819673 gbsdr.txt
1196977 gbsec.idx
250000966 gbsts1.seq
58985792 gbsts2.seq
29256927 gbsyn.seq
1382089 gbuna.seq
250002281 gbvrl1.seq
199698885 gbvrl2.seq
196939338 gbvrt.seq
2.2.6 Per-Division Statistics
The following table provides a per-division breakdown of the number of
sequence entries and the total number of bases of DNA/RNA in each sequence
data file:
Division Entries Bases
BCT1 17495 103824523
BCT2 42992 96967587
BCT3 40374 95749594
BCT4 17916 43699458
EST1 68601 26480147
EST10 77313 30161313
EST100 73621 43171109
EST101 81484 45005633
EST102 75575 48324492
EST103 68182 42139850
EST104 70159 45579990
EST105 73069 47266255
EST106 72007 45412499
EST107 76980 42670428
EST108 75589 48900984
EST109 72344 49765491
EST11 76224 29024538
EST110 72801 46479278
EST111 77334 38275274
EST112 77827 26692472
EST113 75288 50215168
EST114 75628 43066902
EST115 64989 35541096
EST116 73991 38313292
EST117 69480 40327909
EST118 66108 35951420
EST119 72387 43893839
EST12 77932 31055775
EST120 73022 45059623
EST121 68438 39626617
EST122 72361 41694699
EST123 70337 42533152
EST124 89882 42358946
EST125 114492 40605011
EST126 76174 26189957
EST127 72807 26649212
EST128 74293 26674959
EST129 73669 26938369
EST13 77638 29436390
EST130 77545 25831219
EST131 73003 29048143
EST132 73568 28592906
EST133 7551 2389669
EST14 80185 32512142
EST15 73287 31015947
EST16 75860 33377392
EST17 84196 34431970
EST18 80668 32613865
EST19 81194 33697350
EST2 74406 28543891
EST20 72844 29161670
EST21 73275 34189671
EST22 77082 30683087
EST23 77337 32136677
EST24 76028 34477645
EST25 73083 31068880
EST26 76352 31390747
EST27 79232 35140637
EST28 77320 40553143
EST29 79488 59643390
EST3 73415 29792834
EST30 106892 45520414
EST31 96520 55208934
EST32 70252 19367936
EST33 69014 17822115
EST34 75156 21811317
EST35 43506 11273272
EST36 43386 10916066
EST37 42959 11298862
EST38 46466 13035013
EST39 101878 44642627
EST4 74838 28475760
EST40 100775 47808864
EST41 88232 46701644
EST42 76362 33608011
EST43 67822 28741780
EST44 72748 32859765
EST45 72099 30464919
EST46 79516 32584183
EST47 78505 30830229
EST48 70620 28364118
EST49 65737 30855892
EST5 48080 15263775
EST50 73420 32881790
EST51 80403 35800108
EST52 74070 29634389
EST53 74263 25084667
EST54 88343 42658376
EST55 40622 11405771
EST56 39939 10992348
EST57 39955 12244622
EST58 40353 11792257
EST59 40446 11034728
EST6 54658 17345037
EST60 40366 11746190
EST61 40295 11615033
EST62 40294 11533645
EST63 39955 10915045
EST64 40688 11473007
EST65 41313 10902506
EST66 41099 11424171
EST67 40903 11580383
EST68 41576 11675097
EST69 45448 12216984
EST7 75059 29565091
EST70 42320 19735758
EST71 47118 18132293
EST72 67377 31527305
EST73 72672 28251746
EST74 77073 30204152
EST75 76395 40866314
EST76 79015 42223921
EST77 78479 44750233
EST78 75999 35621169
EST79 76328 43516468
EST8 76563 30834803
EST80 70801 36819301
EST81 75721 36509869
EST82 73767 41824472
EST83 75276 39392925
EST84 72024 41143100
EST85 70217 37775058
EST86 73987 37147616
EST87 73764 46877818
EST88 71818 44757624
EST89 72178 43264195
EST9 78361 30195208
EST90 72599 33330735
EST91 71679 30627071
EST92 66390 37270075
EST93 68976 37491930
EST94 69453 45474470
EST95 74276 31886246
EST96 76191 35200418
EST97 74347 27174656
EST98 74793 35865314
EST99 72907 36838639
GSS1 84133 36043767
GSS10 66901 36359840
GSS11 70896 39413941
GSS12 62178 32620605
GSS13 68202 35441875
GSS14 68546 34743450
GSS15 66212 29691211
GSS16 64694 32281096
GSS17 72379 43431080
GSS18 65954 30796489
GSS19 57447 26677023
GSS2 83832 36322204
GSS20 52428 27263578
GSS21 53110 25491852
GSS22 54119 22893277
GSS23 60156 38313605
GSS24 56854 26447463
GSS25 53716 26776757
GSS26 65287 40587408
GSS27 60130 24032132
GSS28 53818 23635391
GSS29 61237 29886854
GSS3 83413 38865486
GSS30 61064 29890393
GSS31 67340 36379583
GSS32 80871 36392730
GSS33 69229 37700808
GSS34 65827 42748610
GSS35 19332 12879864
GSS36 86837 65990518
GSS37 77032 64074038
GSS38 74769 63073535
GSS39 66854 64900761
GSS4 75149 38624278
GSS40 85444 54453473
GSS41 60171 26859994
GSS5 72541 38761476
GSS6 70311 35180670
GSS7 72650 36476463
GSS8 71925 36835329
GSS9 69078 34202132
HTC 22002 27985613
HTG1 1294 191799635
HTG10 18436 161503558
HTG11 21546 157341623
HTG12 1949 187470332
HTG13 7195 181501322
HTG14 5535 183526859
HTG15 5565 181641629
HTG16 1434 188423852
HTG17 1242 192645707
HTG18 1780 187380977
HTG19 2298 184454619
HTG2 1286 189936562
HTG20 1201 192707826
HTG21 1139 193084235
HTG22 1092 194300671
HTG23 1122 191211645
HTG24 1364 191550414
HTG25 366 62953515
HTG3 3027 189029369
HTG4 1332 188451034
HTG5 3140 190665494
HTG6 1242 189944661
HTG7 1333 188464660
HTG8 1224 189028902
HTG9 1225 189427962
INV1 8068 176627874
INV2 21128 142805764
INV3 42185 111322879
INV4 29500 68371280
MAM 34963 34200155
PAT1 219252 71053576
PAT2 148702 83805109
PAT3 98577 40729616
PHG 1794 5512554
PLN1 30884 128401592
PLN2 57228 102799326
PLN3 43534 101887418
PLN4 45833 96091265
PRI1 10015 161697121
PRI10 4716 179898080
PRI11 20885 149731538
PRI12 33803 133774948
PRI13 36711 127229245
PRI14 44385 71023908
PRI2 1387 174052097
PRI3 1330 184964862
PRI4 1198 182320164
PRI5 1283 183195629
PRI6 12446 166411512
PRI7 31335 132271840
PRI8 1552 176049002
PRI9 1796 177102603
ROD1 39130 121989726
ROD2 32333 39788609
STS1 86896 35261620
STS2 25570 9115100
SYN 6579 12025321
UNA 668 330939
VRL1 75404 62504489
VRL2 59066 55897621
VRT 62274 59241198
2.2.7 Selected Per-Organism Statistics
The following table provides the number of entries and bases of DNA/RNA for
the twenty most sequenced organisms in Release 126.0 (chloroplast and mitochon-
drial sequences not included):
Entries Bases Species
5074650 7915783043 Homo sapiens
3282738 1982497435 Mus musculus
309512 615314337 Drosophila melanogaster
277024 342250586 Rattus norvegicus
196531 292339256 Oryza sativa
194296 258809578 Arabidopsis thaliana
140700 187274610 Caenorhabditis elegans
189005 165547824 Tetraodon nigroviridis
198152 95024632 Bos taurus
204698 92361300 Glycine max
156413 89308950 Danio rerio
155185 80380251 Lycopersicon esculentum
140798 72431327 Medicago truncatula
80582 72089785 Entamoeba histolytica
121918 60487285 Xenopus laevis
102233 58906089 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
124150 57745385 Zea mays
86956 54526352 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
104222 54130240 Sus scrofa
91420 53130188 Trypanosoma brucei
2.2.8 Growth of GenBank
The following table lists the number of bases and the number of sequence
records in each release of GenBank, beginning with Release 3 in 1982.
From 1982 to the present, the number of bases in GenBank has doubled
approximately every 14 months.
Release Date Base Pairs Entries
3 Dec 1982 680338 606
14 Nov 1983 2274029 2427
20 May 1984 3002088 3665
24 Sep 1984 3323270 4135
25 Oct 1984 3368765 4175
26 Nov 1984 3689752 4393
32 May 1985 4211931 4954
36 Sep 1985 5204420 5700
40 Feb 1986 5925429 6642
42 May 1986 6765476 7416
44 Aug 1986 8442357 8823
46 Nov 1986 9615371 9978
48 Feb 1987 10961380 10913
50 May 1987 13048473 12534
52 Aug 1987 14855145 14020
53 Sep 1987 15514776 14584
54 Dec 1987 16752872 15465
55 Mar 1988 19156002 17047
56 Jun 1988 20795279 18226
57 Sep 1988 22019698 19044
57.1 Oct 1988 23800000 20579
58 Dec 1988 24690876 21248
59 Mar 1989 26382491 22479
60 Jun 1989 31808784 26317
61 Sep 1989 34762585 28791
62 Dec 1989 37183950 31229
63 Mar 1990 40127752 33377
64 Jun 1990 42495893 35100
65 Sep 1990 49179285 39533
66 Dec 1990 51306092 41057
67 Mar 1991 55169276 43903
68 Jun 1991 65868799 51418
69 Sep 1991 71947426 55627
70 Dec 1991 77337678 58952
71 Mar 1992 83894652 65100
72 Jun 1992 92160761 71280
73 Sep 1992 101008486 78608
74 Dec 1992 120242234 97084
75 Feb 1993 126212259 106684
76 Apr 1993 129968355 111911
77 Jun 1993 138904393 120134
78 Aug 1993 147215633 131328
79 Oct 1993 157152442 143492
80 Dec 1993 163802597 150744
81 Feb 1994 173261500 162946
82 Apr 1994 180589455 169896
83 Jun 1994 191393939 182753
84 Aug 1994 201815802 196703
85 Oct 1994 217102462 215273
86 Dec 1994 230485928 237775
87 Feb 1995 248499214 269478
88 Apr 1995 286094556 352414
89 Jun 1995 318624568 425211
90 Aug 1995 353713490 492483
91 Oct 1995 384939485 555694
92 Dec 1995 425860958 620765
93 Feb 1996 463758833 685693
94 Apr 1996 499127741 744295
95 Jun 1996 551750920 835487
96 Aug 1996 602072354 920588
97 Oct 1996 651972984 1021211
98 Dec 1996 730552938 1114581
99 Feb 1997 786898138 1192505
100 Apr 1997 842864309 1274747
101 Jun 1997 966993087 1491069
102 Aug 1997 1053474516 1610848
103 Oct 1997 1160300687 1765847
104 Dec 1997 1258290513 1891953
105 Feb 1998 1372368913 2042325
106 Apr 1998 1502542306 2209232
107 Jun 1998 1622041465 2355928
108 Aug 1998 1797137713 2532359
109 Oct 1998 2008761784 2837897
110 Dec 1998 2162067871 3043729
111 Apr 1999 2569578208 3525418
112 Jun 1999 2974791993 4028171
113 Aug 1999 3400237391 4610118
114 Oct 1999 3841163011 4864570
115 Dec 1999 4653932745 5354511
116 Feb 2000 5805414935 5691170
117 Apr 2000 7376080723 6215002
118 Jun 2000 8604221980 7077491
119 Aug 2000 9545724824 8214339
120 Oct 2000 10335692655 9102634
121 Dec 2000 11101066288 10106023
122 Feb 2001 11720120326 10896781
123 Apr 2001 12418544023 11545572
124 Jun 2001 12973707065 12243766
125 Aug 2001 13543364296 12813516
126 Oct 2001 14396883064 13602262
3. FILE FORMATS
The flat file examples included in this section, while not always from the
current release, are usually fairly recent. Any differences compared to the
actual records are the result of updates to the entries involved.
3.1 File Header Information
With the exception of the index files, each of the 257 files of a
GenBank release begins with the same header, except for the first line,
which contains the file name, and the sixth line, which contains the
title of the file. The first line of the file contains the file name
in character positions 1 to 9 and the full database name (Genetic Sequence
Data Bank) starting in column 22. The brief names of the files in this
release are listed in section 2.2.
The second line contains the date of the current release in the form
`day month year', beginning in position 27. The fourth line contains
the current GenBank release number. The release number appears in
positions 48 to 52 and consists of three numbers separated by a decimal
point. The number to the left of the decimal is the major release
number. The digit to the right of the decimal indicates the version of
the major release; it is zero for the first version. The sixth line
contains a title for the file. The eighth line lists the number of
entries (loci), number of bases (or base pairs), and number of reports
of sequences (equal to number of entries in this case). These numbers are
right-justified at fixed positions. The number of entries appears in
positions 1 to 8, the number of bases in positions 16 to 26, and the
number of reports in positions 40 to 47. The third, fifth, seventh, and
ninth lines are blank.
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
GBBCT1.SEQ Genetic Sequence Data Bank
15 October 2001
NCBI-GenBank Flat File Release 126.0
Bacterial Sequences (Part 1)
37811 loci, 97585608 bases, from 37811 reported sequences
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
Example 1. Sample File Header
3.2 Directory Files
3.2.1 Short Directory File
The short directory file contains brief descriptions of all of the
sequence entries contained in this release. These descriptions are in
fifteen groups, one group for each of the fifteen sequence entry
data files. The first record at the beginning of a group of entries
contains the name of the group in uppercase characters, beginning in
position 21. The organism groups are PRIMATE, RODENT, OTHER MAMMAL,
OTHER VERTEBRATE, INVERTEBRATE, PLANT, BACTERIAL, STRUCTURAL RNA, VIRAL,
PHAGE, SYNTHETIC, UNANNOTATED, EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAG, PATENT, or
SEQUENCE TAGGED SITE. The second record is blank.
Each record in the short directory contains the sequence entry name
(LOCUS) in the first 12 positions, followed by a brief definition of
the sequence beginning in column 13. The definition is truncated (at
the end of a word) to leave room at the right margin for at least one
space, the sequence length, and the letters `bp'. The length of the
sequence is printed right-justified to column 77, followed by the
letters `bp' in columns 78 and 79. The next-to-last record for a group
has `ZZZZZZZZZZ' in its first ten positions (where the entry name
would normally appear). The last record is a blank line. An example of
the short directory file format, showing the descriptions of the last
entries in the Other Vertebrate sequence data file and the first
entries of the Invertebrate sequence data file, is reproduced below:
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
ZEFWNT1G3 B.rerio wnt-1 gene (exon 3) for wnt-1 protein. 266bp
ZEFWNT1G4 B.rerio wnt-1 gene (exon 4) for wnt-1 protein. 647bp
ZEFZF54 Zebrafish homeotic gene ZF-54. 246bp
ZEFZFEN Zebrafish engrailed-like homeobox sequence. 327bp
ZZZZZZZZZZ
INVERTEBRATE
AAHAV33A Acanthocheilonema viteae pepsin-inhibitor-like-protein 1048bp
ACAAC01 Acanthamoeba castelani gene encoding actin I. 1571bp
ACAACTPH Acanthamoeba castellanii actophorin mRNA, complete cds. 671bp
ACAMHCA A.castellanii non-muscle myosin heavy chain gene, partial 5894bp
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
Example 2. Short Directory File
3.3 Index Files
There are six files containing indices to the entries in this release:
Accession number index file (Accession and Version)
Secondary accession number index file
Keyword phrase index file
Author name index file
Journal citation index file
Gene name index file
The index keys (accession numbers, keywords, authors, journals, and
gene symbols.) of an index are sorted alphabetically. All index keys
appear in uppercase characters even though they appear in mixed case
in the sequence entries. Beneath each index key, the identifiers of the
sequence entries containing that index key are listed (LOCUS name,
division abbreviation, and primary accession number). The following
codes are used to designate the data file divisions:
1. PRI - primate sequences
2. ROD - rodent sequences
3. MAM - other mammalian sequences
4. VRT - other vertebrate sequences
5. INV - invertebrate sequences
6. PLN - plant, fungal, and algal sequences
7. BCT - bacterial sequences
8. VRL - viral sequences
9. PHG - bacteriophage sequences
10. SYN - synthetic sequences
11. UNA - unannotated sequences
12. EST - EST sequences (expressed sequence tags)
13. PAT - patent sequences
14. STS - STS sequences (sequence tagged sites)
15. GSS - GSS sequences (genome survey sequences)
16. HTG - HTGS sequences (high throughput genomic sequences)
17. HTC - HTC sequences (high throughput cDNA sequences)
A line-oriented, TAB-delimited format is utilized for the gbaut.idx,
gbgen.idx, gbjou.idx, gbkey.idx, and gbsec.idx indexes. Each index
term is presented on its own line, and is followed by a
LOCUS/Division/Accession triplet for every record containing the term:
Indexed-Term
LOCUS-name1 Div-code1 Accession1
LOCUS-name2 Div-code2 Accession2
LOCUS-name3 Div-code3 Accession3
....
Here is an example of the format, in which TAB characters are displayed
as ^I, and carriage-returns/newlines as $ :
(H+,K+)-ATPASE BETA-SUBUNIT$
^IRATHKATPB^IROD^IM55655$
^IMUSATP4B1^IROD^IM64685$
^IMUSATP4B2^IROD^IM64686$
^IMUSATP4B3^IROD^IM64687$
^IMUSATP4B4^IROD^IM64688$
^IDOGATPASEB^IMAM^IM76486$
When viewed by a file browser such as 'less' or 'more' :
(H+,K+)-ATPASE BETA-SUBUNIT
RATHKATPB ROD M55655
MUSATP4B1 ROD M64685
MUSATP4B2 ROD M64686
MUSATP4B3 ROD M64687
MUSATP4B4 ROD M64688
DOGATPASEB MAM M76486
Note that the index terms can be distinguished from LOCUS/DIV/ACCESSION
by the fact that they do not start with a TAB character. So one can
extract just the terms via simple text-processing:
perl -ne 'print unless /^\s+/' < gbkey.idx > terms.gbkey
The format of the primary accession number index file is slightly
different, with each indexed term (Accession.Version) present on
the same line as the LOCUS/Division/Accession triplet:
Accession1.Version1 Locus-name1 Div-code1 Accession1
Accession2.Version2 Locus-name2 Div-code2 Accession2
....
Here is an example of the format, in which TAB characters are displayed
as ^I, and carriage-returns/newlines as $ :
AC000102.1^IAC000102^IPRI^IAC000102$
AC000103.1^IAC000103^IPLN^IAC000103$
AC000104.1^IF19P19^IPLN^IAC000104$
AC000105.40^IAC000105^IPRI^IAC000105$
AC000106.1^IF7G19^IPLN^IAC000106$
AC000107.1^IAC000107^IPLN^IAC000107$
AC000108.1^IAC000108^IBCT^IAC000108$
AC000109.1^IHSAC000109^IPRI^IAC000109$
AC000110.1^IHSAC000110^IPRI^IAC000110$
When viewed by a file browser such as 'less' or 'more' :
AC000102.1 AC000102 PRI AC000102
AC000103.1 AC000103 PLN AC000103
AC000104.1 F19P19 PLN AC000104
AC000105.40 AC000105 PRI AC000105
AC000106.1 F7G19 PLN AC000106
AC000107.1 AC000107 PLN AC000107
AC000108.1 AC000108 BCT AC000108
AC000109.1 HSAC000109 PRI AC000109
AC000110.1 HSAC000110 PRI AC000110
3.3.1 Accession Number Index File - gbacc.idx
Accession numbers are unique six character or eight-character alphanumeric
identifiers of GenBank database entries. The six-character accession
number format consists of a single uppercase letter, followed by 5 digits.
The eight-character accession number format consists of two uppercase
letters, followed by 6 digits. Accessions provide an unchanging identifier
for the data with which they are associated, and we encourage you to cite
accession numbers whenever you refer to data from GenBank.
GenBank entries can have both 'primary' and 'secondary' accessions
associated with them (see Section 3.5.6). Only primary accessions are present
in the gbacc.idx index.
3.3.2 Keyword Phrase Index File - gbkey.idx
Keyword phrases consist of names for gene products and other
characteristics of sequence entries.
3.3.3 Author Name Index File - gbaut*.idx
The author name index files list all of the author names that appear
in the references within sequence records.
3.3.4 Journal Citation Index File - gbjou.idx
The journal citation index file lists all of the citations that appear
in the references within sequence records.. All citations are truncated
to 80 characters.
3.3.5 Gene Name Index - gbgen.idx
The /gene qualifiers of many GenBank entries contain values other than
official gene symbols, such as the product or the standard name of the gene.
Hence, NCBI has chosen to build an index (gbgen.idx) more like a keyword index
for this field, using both the GenBank /gene qualifier and the 'Gene.locus'
fields from the NCBI internal database as keys.
3.4 Sequence Entry Files
GenBank releases contain one or more sequence entry data files, one
for each "division" of GenBank.
3.4.1 File Organization
Each of these files has the same format and consists of two parts:
header information (described in section 3.1) and sequence entries for
that division (described in the following sections).
3.4.2 Entry Organization
In the second portion of a sequence entry file (containing the
sequence entries for that division), each record (line) consists of
two parts. The first part is found in positions 1 to 10 and may
contain:
1. A keyword, beginning in column 1 of the record (e.g., REFERENCE is
a keyword).
2. A subkeyword beginning in column 3, with columns 1 and 2 blank
(e.g., AUTHORS is a subkeyword of REFERENCE). Or a subkeyword beginning
in column 4, with columns 1, 2, and 3 blank (e.g., PUBMED is a
subkeyword of REFERENCE).
3. Blank characters, indicating that this record is a continuation of
the information under the keyword or subkeyword above it.
4. A code, beginning in column 6, indicating the nature of an entry
(feature key) in the FEATURES table; these codes are described in
Section 3.4.12.1 below.
5. A number, ending in column 9 of the record. This number occurs in
the portion of the entry describing the actual nucleotide sequence and
designates the numbering of sequence positions.
6. Two slashes (//) in positions 1 and 2, marking the end of an entry.
The second part of each sequence entry record contains the information
appropriate to its keyword, in positions 13 to 80 for keywords and
positions 11 to 80 for the sequence.
The following is a brief description of each entry field. Detailed
information about each field may be found in Sections 3.4.4 to 3.4.14.
LOCUS - A short mnemonic name for the entry, chosen to suggest the
sequence's definition. Mandatory keyword/exactly one record.
DEFINITION - A concise description of the sequence. Mandatory
keyword/one or more records.
ACCESSION - The primary accession number is a unique, unchanging
code assigned to each entry. (Please use this code when citing
information from GenBank.) Mandatory keyword/one or more records.
VERSION - A compound identifier consisting of the primary
accession number and a numeric version number associated with the
current version of the sequence data in the record. This is followed
by an integer key (a "GI") assigned to the sequence by NCBI.
Mandatory keyword/exactly one record.
NID - An alternative method of presenting the NCBI GI
identifier (described above). The NID is obsolete and was removed
from the GenBank flatfile format in December 1999.
KEYWORDS - Short phrases describing gene products and other
information about an entry. Mandatory keyword in all annotated
entries/one or more records.
SEGMENT - Information on the order in which this entry appears in a
series of discontinuous sequences from the same molecule. Optional
keyword (only in segmented entries)/exactly one record.
SOURCE - Common name of the organism or the name most frequently used
in the literature. Mandatory keyword in all annotated entries/one or
more records/includes one subkeyword.
ORGANISM - Formal scientific name of the organism (first line)
and taxonomic classification levels (second and subsequent lines).
Mandatory subkeyword in all annotated entries/two or more records.
REFERENCE - Citations for all articles containing data reported
in this entry. Includes four subkeywords and may repeat. Mandatory
keyword/one or more records.
AUTHORS - Lists the authors of the citation. Mandatory
subkeyword/one or more records.
TITLE - Full title of citation. Optional subkeyword (present
in all but unpublished citations)/one or more records.
JOURNAL - Lists the journal name, volume, year, and page
numbers of the citation. Mandatory subkeyword/one or more records.
MEDLINE - Provides the Medline unique identifier for a
citation. Optional subkeyword/one record.
PUBMED - Provides the PubMed unique identifier for a
citation. Optional subkeyword/one record.
REMARK - Specifies the relevance of a citation to an
entry. Optional subkeyword/one or more records.
COMMENT - Cross-references to other sequence entries, comparisons to
other collections, notes of changes in LOCUS names, and other remarks.
Optional keyword/one or more records/may include blank records.
FEATURES - Table containing information on portions of the
sequence that code for proteins and RNA molecules and information on
experimentally determined sites of biological significance. Optional
keyword/one or more records.
BASE COUNT - Summary of the number of occurrences of each base
code in the sequence. Mandatory keyword/exactly one record.
ORIGIN - Specification of how the first base of the reported sequence
is operationally located within the genome. Where possible, this
includes its location within a larger genetic map. Mandatory
keyword/exactly one record.
- The ORIGIN line is followed by sequence data (multiple records).
// - Entry termination symbol. Mandatory at the end of an
entry/exactly one record.
3.4.3 Sample Sequence Data File
An example of a complete sequence entry file follows. (This example
has only two entries.) Note that in this example, as throughout the
data bank, numbers in square brackets indicate items in the REFERENCE
list. For example, in ACARR58S, [1] refers to the paper by Mackay, et
al.
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
GBSMP.SEQ Genetic Sequence Data Bank
15 December 1992
GenBank Flat File Release 74.0
Structural RNA Sequences
2 loci, 236 bases, from 2 reported sequences
LOCUS AAURRA 118 bp ss-rRNA RNA 16-JUN-1986
DEFINITION A.auricula-judae (mushroom) 5S ribosomal RNA.
ACCESSION K03160
VERSION K03160.1 GI:173593
KEYWORDS 5S ribosomal RNA; ribosomal RNA.
SOURCE A.auricula-judae (mushroom) ribosomal RNA.
ORGANISM Auricularia auricula-judae
Eukaryota; Fungi; Eumycota; Basidiomycotina; Phragmobasidiomycetes;
Heterobasidiomycetidae; Auriculariales; Auriculariaceae.
REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 118)
AUTHORS Huysmans,E., Dams,E., Vandenberghe,A. and De Wachter,R.
TITLE The nucleotide sequences of the 5S rRNAs of four mushrooms and
their use in studying the phylogenetic position of basidiomycetes
among the eukaryotes
JOURNAL Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 2871-2880 (1983)
FEATURES Location/Qualifiers
rRNA 1..118
/note="5S ribosomal RNA"
BASE COUNT 27 a 34 c 34 g 23 t
ORIGIN 5' end of mature rRNA.
1 atccacggcc ataggactct gaaagcactg catcccgtcc gatctgcaaa gttaaccaga
61 gtaccgccca gttagtacca cggtggggga ccacgcggga atcctgggtg ctgtggtt
//
LOCUS ABCRRAA 118 bp ss-rRNA RNA 15-SEP-1990
DEFINITION Acetobacter sp. (strain MB 58) 5S ribosomal RNA, complete sequence.
ACCESSION M34766
VERSION M34766.1 GI:173603
KEYWORDS 5S ribosomal RNA.
SOURCE Acetobacter sp. (strain MB 58) rRNA.
ORGANISM Acetobacter sp.
Prokaryotae; Gracilicutes; Scotobacteria; Aerobic rods and cocci;
Azotobacteraceae.
REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 118)
AUTHORS Bulygina,E.S., Galchenko,V.F., Govorukhina,N.I., Netrusov,A.I.,
Nikitin,D.I., Trotsenko,Y.A. and Chumakov,K.M.
TITLE Taxonomic studies of methylotrophic bacteria by 5S ribosomal RNA
sequencing
JOURNAL J. Gen. Microbiol. 136, 441-446 (1990)
FEATURES Location/Qualifiers
rRNA 1..118
/note="5S ribosomal RNA"
BASE COUNT 27 a 40 c 32 g 17 t 2 others
ORIGIN
1 gatctggtgg ccatggcggg agcaaatcag ccgatcccat cccgaactcg gccgtcaaat
61 gccccagcgc ccatgatact ctgcctcaag gcacggaaaa gtcggtcgcc gccagayy
//
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
Example 9. Sample Sequence Data File
3.4.4 LOCUS Format
The pieces of information contained in the LOCUS record are always
found in fixed positions. The locus name (or entry name), which is
always ten characters or less, begins in position 13. The locus name
is designed to help group entries with similar sequences: the first
three characters usually designate the organism; the fourth and fifth
characters can be used to show other group designations, such as gene
product; for segmented entries the last character is one of a series
of sequential integers.
The number of bases or base pairs in the sequence ends in position 29.
The letters `bp' are in positions 31 to 32. Positions 34 to 36 give
the number of strands of the sequence. Positions 37 to 40 give the
topology of molecule sequenced. If the sequence is of a special type,
a notation (such as `circular') is included in positions 43 to 52.
GenBank sequence entries are divided among sixteen different
divisions. Each entry's division is specified by a three-letter code
in positions 53 to 55. See Section 3.3 for an explanation of division
codes.
Positions 63 to 73 of the record contain the date the entry was
entered or underwent any substantial revisions, such as the addition
of newly published data, in the form dd-MMM-yyyy.
The detailed format for the LOCUS record is as follows:
Positions Contents
1-12 LOCUS
13-22 Locus name
23-29 Length of sequence, right-justified
31-32 bp
34-36 Blank, ss- (single-stranded), ds- (double-stranded), or
ms- (mixed-stranded)
37-41 Blank, DNA, RNA, tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA),
mRNA (messenger RNA), uRNA (small nuclear RNA), snRNA, or scRNA
43-52 Blank (implies linear) or circular
53-55 The division code (see Section 3.3)
63-73 Date, in the form dd-MMM-yyyy (e.g., 15-MAR-1991)
3.4.5 DEFINITION Format
The DEFINITION record gives a brief description of the sequence,
proceeding from general to specific. It starts with the common name of
the source organism, then gives the criteria by which this sequence is
distinguished from the remainder of the source genome, such as the
gene name and what it codes for, or the protein name and mRNA, or some
description of the sequence's function (if the sequence is
non-coding). If the sequence has a coding region, the description may
be followed by a completeness qualifier, such as cds (complete coding
sequence). There is no limit on the number of lines that may be part
of the DEFINITION. The last line must end with a period.
3.4.5.1 DEFINITION Format for NLM Entries
The DEFINITION line for entries derived from journal-scanning at the NLM is
an automatically generated descriptive summary that accompanies each DNA and
protein sequence. It contains information derived from fields in a database
that summarize the most important attributes of the sequence. The DEFINITION
lines are designed to supplement the accession number and the sequence itself
as a means of uniquely and completely specifying DNA and protein sequences. The
following are examples of NLM DEFINITION lines:
NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase [swine, mRNA, 1 gene, 1585 nt]
94 kda fiber cell beaded-filament structural protein [rats, lens, mRNA
Partial, 1 gene, 1873 nt]
inhibin alpha {promoter and exons} [mice, Genomic, 1 gene, 1102 nt, segment
1 of 2]
cefEF, cefG=acetyl coenzyme A:deacetylcephalosporin C o-acetyltransferase
[Acremonium chrysogenum, Genomic, 2 genes, 2639 nt]
myogenic factor 3, qmf3=helix-loop-helix protein [Japanese quails,
embryo, Peptide Partial, 246 aa]
The first part of the definition line contains information describing
the genes and proteins represented by the molecular sequences. This can
be gene locus names, protein names and descriptions that replace or augment
actual names. Gene and gene product are linked by "=". Any special
identifying terms are presented within brackets, such as: {promoter},
{N-terminal}, {EC 2.13.2.4}, {alternatively spliced}, or {3' region}.
The second part of the definition line is delimited by square brackets, '[]',
and provides details about the molecule type and length. The biological
source, i.e., genus and species or common name as cited by the author.
Developmental stage, tissue type and strain are included if available.
The molecule types include: Genomic, mRNA, Peptide. and Other Genomic
Material. Genomic molecules are assumed to be partial sequence unless
"Complete" is specified, whereas mRNA and peptide molecules are assumed
to be complete unless "Partial" is noted.
3.4.6 ACCESSION Format
This field contains a series of six-character and/or eight-character
identifiers called 'accession numbers'. The six-character accession
number format consists of a single uppercase letter, followed by 5 digits.
The eight-character accession number format consists of two uppercase
letters, followed by 6 digits. The 'primary', or first, of the accession
numbers occupies positions 13 to 18 (6-character format) or positions
13 to 20 (8-character format). Subsequent 'secondary' accession numbers
(if present) are separated from the primary, and from each other, by a
single space. In some cases, multiple lines of secondary accession
numbers might be present, starting at position 13.
The primary accession number of a GenBank entry provides a stable identifier
for the biological object that the entry represents. Accessions do not change
when the underlying sequence data or associated features change.
Secondary accession numbers arise for a number of reasons. For example, a
single accession number may initially be assigned to a sequence described in
a publication. If it is later discovered that the sequence must be entered
into the database as multiple entries, each entry would receive a new primary
accession number, and the original accession number would appear as a secondary
accession number on each of the new entries.
3.4.7 VERSION Format
This line contains two types of identifiers for a GenBank database entry:
a compound accession number and an NCBI GI identifier.
LOCUS AF181452 1294 bp DNA PLN 12-OCT-1999
DEFINITION Hordeum vulgare dehydrin (Dhn2) gene, complete cds.
ACCESSION AF181452
VERSION AF181452.1 GI:6017929
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^
Compound NCBI GI
Accession Identifier
Number
A compound accession number consists of two parts: a stable, unchanging
primary-accession number portion (see Section 3.4.6 for a description of
accession numbers), and a sequentially increasing numeric version number.
The accession and version numbers are separated by a period. The initial
version number assigned to a new sequence is one. Compound accessions are
often referred to as "Accession.Version" .
An accession number allows one to retrieve the same biological object in the
database, regardless of any changes that are made to the entry over time. But
those changes can include changes to the sequence data itself, which is of
fundamental importance to many database users. So a numeric version number is
associated with the sequence data in every database entry. If an entry (for
example, AF181452) undergoes two sequence changes, its compound accession
number on the VERSION line would start as AF181452.1 . After the first sequence
change this would become: AF181452.2 . And after the second change: AF181452.3 .
The NCBI GI identifier of the VERSION line also serves as a method for
identifying the sequence data that has existed for a database entry over
time. GI identifiers are numeric values of one or more digits. Since they
are integer keys, they are less human-friendly than the Accession.Version
system described above. Returning to our example for AF181452, it was
initially assigned GI 6017929. If the sequence changes, a new integer GI will
be assigned, perhaps 7345003 . And after the second sequence change, perhaps
the GI would become 10456892 .
Why are both these methods for identifying the version of the sequence
associated with a database entry in use? For two reasons:
- Some data sources processed by NCBI for incorporation into its Entrez
sequence retrieval system do not version their own sequences.
- GIs provide a uniform, integer identifier system for every sequence
NCBI has processed. Some products and systems derived from (or reliant
upon) NCBI products and services prefer to use these integer identifiers
because they can all be processed in the same manner.
GenBank Releases contain only the most recent versions of all sequences
in the database. However, older versions can be obtained via GI-based or
Accession.Version-based queries with NCBI's web-Entrez and network-Entrez
applications. A sequence revision history web page is also available:
http://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/htbin-post/Entrez/girevhist
NOTE: All the version numbers for the compound Accession.Version identifier
system were initialized to a value of one in February 1999, when that
system was introduced.
3.4.8 KEYWORDS Format
The KEYWORDS field does not appear in unannotated entries, but is
required in all annotated entries. Keywords are separated by
semicolons; a "keyword" may be a single word or a phrase consisting of
several words. Each line in the keywords field ends in a semicolon;
the last line ends with a period. If no keywords are included in the
entry, the KEYWORDS record contains only a period.
3.4.9 SEGMENT Format
The SEGMENT keyword is used when two (or more) entries of known
relative orientation are separated by a short (<10 kb) stretch of DNA.
It is limited to one line of the form `n of m', where `n' is the
segment number of the current entry and `m' is the total number of
segments.
3.4.10 SOURCE Format
The SOURCE field consists of two parts. The first part is found after
the SOURCE keyword and contains free-format information including an
abbreviated form of the organism name followed by a molecule type;
multiple lines are allowed, but the last line must end with a period.
The second part consists of information found after the ORGANISM
subkeyword. The formal scientific name for the source organism (genus
and species, where appropriate) is found on the same line as ORGANISM.
The records following the ORGANISM line list the taxonomic
classification levels, separated by semicolons and ending with a
period.
3.4.11 REFERENCE Format
The REFERENCE field consists of five parts: the keyword REFERENCE, and
the subkeywords AUTHORS, TITLE (optional), JOURNAL, MEDLINE (optional),
PUBMED (optional), and REMARK (optional).
The REFERENCE line contains the number of the particular reference and
(in parentheses) the range of bases in the sequence entry reported in
this citation. Additional prose notes may also be found within the
parentheses. The numbering of the references does not reflect
publication dates or priorities.
The AUTHORS line lists the authors in the order in which they appear
in the cited article. Last names are separated from initials by a
comma (no space); there is no comma before the final `and'. The list
of authors ends with a period. The TITLE line is an optional field,
although it appears in the majority of entries. It does not appear in
unpublished sequence data entries that have been deposited directly
into the GenBank data bank, the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Data Library,
or the DNA Data Bank of Japan. The TITLE field does not end with a
period.
The JOURNAL line gives the appropriate literature citation for the
sequence in the entry. The word `Unpublished' will appear after the
JOURNAL subkeyword if the data did not appear in the scientific
literature, but was directly deposited into the data bank. For
published sequences the JOURNAL line gives the Thesis, Journal, or
Book citation, including the year of publication, the specific
citation, or In press.
The MEDLINE line provides the National Library of Medicine's Medline
unique identifier for a citation (if known). Medline UIs are 8 digit
numbers.
The PUBMED line provides the PubMed unique identifier for a citation
(if known). PUBMED ids are numeric, and are record identifiers for article
abstracts in the PubMed database :
http://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
Citations in PubMed that do not fall within Medline's scope will have only
a PUBMED identifier. Similarly, citations that *are* in Medline's scope but
which have not yet been assigned Medline UIs will have only a PUBMED identifier.
If a citation is present in both the PubMed and Medline databases, both a
MEDLINE and a PUBMED line will be present.
The REMARK line is a textual comment that specifies the relevance
of the citation to the entry.
3.4.12 FEATURES Format
GenBank releases use a feature table format designed jointly by
GenBank, the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Data Library, and the DNA Data
Bank of Japan. This format is in use by all three databases. The
most complete and accurate Feature Table documentation can be found
on the Web at:
http://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/collab/FT/index.html
Any discrepancy between the abbreviated feature table description
of these release notes and the complete documentation on the Web
should be resolved in favor of the version at the above URL.
The Feature Table specification is also available as a printed
document: `The DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Feature Table: Definition'. Contact
GenBank at the address shown on the first page of these Release Notes
if you would like a copy.
The feature table contains information about genes and gene products,
as well as regions of biological significance reported in the
sequence. The feature table contains information on regions of the
sequence that code for proteins and RNA molecules. It also enumerates
differences between different reports of the same sequence, and
provides cross-references to other data collections, as described in
more detail below.
The first line of the feature table is a header that includes the
keyword `FEATURES' and the column header `Location/Qualifier.' Each
feature consists of a descriptor line containing a feature key and a
location (see sections below for details). If the location does not
fit on this line, a continuation line may follow. If further
information about the feature is required, one or more lines
containing feature qualifiers may follow the descriptor line.
The feature key begins in column 6 and may be no more than 15
characters in length. The location begins in column 22. Feature
qualifiers begin on subsequent lines at column 22. Location,
qualifier, and continuation lines may extend from column 22 to 80.
Feature tables are required, due to the mandatory presence of the
source feature. The sections below provide a brief introduction to
the feature table format.
3.4.12.1 Feature Key Names
The first column of the feature descriptor line contains the feature
key. It starts at column 6 and can continue to column 20. The list of
valid feature keys is shown below.
Remember, the most definitive documentation for the feature table can
be found at:
http://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/collab/FT/index.html
allele Obsolete; see variation feature key
attenuator Sequence related to transcription termination
C_region Span of the C immunological feature
CAAT_signal `CAAT box' in eukaryotic promoters
CDS Sequence coding for amino acids in protein (includes
stop codon)
conflict Independent sequence determinations differ
D-loop Displacement loop
D_segment Span of the D immunological feature
enhancer Cis-acting enhancer of promoter function
exon Region that codes for part of spliced mRNA
gene Region that defines a functional gene, possibly
including upstream (promotor, enhancer, etc)
and downstream control elements, and for which
a name has been assigned.
GC_signal `GC box' in eukaryotic promoters
iDNA Intervening DNA eliminated by recombination
intron Transcribed region excised by mRNA splicing
J_region Span of the J immunological feature
LTR Long terminal repeat
mat_peptide Mature peptide coding region (does not include stop codon)
misc_binding Miscellaneous binding site
misc_difference Miscellaneous difference feature
misc_feature Region of biological significance that cannot be described
by any other feature
misc_recomb Miscellaneous recombination feature
misc_RNA Miscellaneous transcript feature not defined by other RNA keys
misc_signal Miscellaneous signal
misc_structure Miscellaneous DNA or RNA structure
modified_base The indicated base is a modified nucleotide
mRNA Messenger RNA
mutation Obsolete: see variation feature key
N_region Span of the N immunological feature
old_sequence Presented sequence revises a previous version
polyA_signal Signal for cleavage & polyadenylation
polyA_site Site at which polyadenine is added to mRNA
precursor_RNA Any RNA species that is not yet the mature RNA product
prim_transcript Primary (unprocessed) transcript
primer Primer binding region used with PCR
primer_bind Non-covalent primer binding site
promoter A region involved in transcription initiation
protein_bind Non-covalent protein binding site on DNA or RNA
RBS Ribosome binding site
rep_origin Replication origin for duplex DNA
repeat_region Sequence containing repeated subsequences
repeat_unit One repeated unit of a repeat_region
rRNA Ribosomal RNA
S_region Span of the S immunological feature
satellite Satellite repeated sequence
scRNA Small cytoplasmic RNA
sig_peptide Signal peptide coding region
snRNA Small nuclear RNA
source Biological source of the sequence data represented by
a GenBank record. Mandatory feature, one or more per record.
For organisms that have been incorporated within the
NCBI taxonomy database, an associated /db_xref="taxon:NNNN"
qualifier will be present (where NNNNN is the numeric
identifier assigned to the organism within the NCBI taxonomy
database).
stem_loop Hair-pin loop structure in DNA or RNA
STS Sequence Tagged Site; operationally unique sequence that
identifies the combination of primer spans used in a PCR assay
TATA_signal `TATA box' in eukaryotic promoters
terminator Sequence causing transcription termination
transit_peptide Transit peptide coding region
transposon Transposable element (TN)
tRNA Transfer RNA
unsure Authors are unsure about the sequence in this region
V_region Span of the V immunological feature
variation A related population contains stable mutation
- (hyphen) Placeholder
-10_signal `Pribnow box' in prokaryotic promoters
-35_signal `-35 box' in prokaryotic promoters
3'clip 3'-most region of a precursor transcript removed in processing
3'UTR 3' untranslated region (trailer)
5'clip 5'-most region of a precursor transcript removed in processing
5'UTR 5' untranslated region (leader)
3.4.12.2 Feature Location
The second column of the feature descriptor line designates the
location of the feature in the sequence. The location descriptor
begins at position 22. Several conventions are used to indicate
sequence location.
Base numbers in location descriptors refer to numbering in the entry,
which is not necessarily the same as the numbering scheme used in the
published report. The first base in the presented sequence is numbered
base 1. Sequences are presented in the 5 to 3 direction.
Location descriptors can be one of the following:
1. A single base;
2. A contiguous span of bases;
3. A site between two bases;
4. A single base chosen from a range of bases;
5. A single base chosen from among two or more specified bases;
6. A joining of sequence spans;
7. A reference to an entry other than the one to which the feature
belongs (i.e., a remote entry), followed by a location descriptor
referring to the remote sequence;
A site between two residues, such as an endonuclease cleavage site, is
indicated by listing the two bases separated by a carat (e.g., 23^24).
A single residue chosen from a range of residues is indicated by the
number of the first and last bases in the range separated by a single
period (e.g., 23.79). The symbols < and > indicate that the end point
of the range is beyond the specified base number.
A contiguous span of bases is indicated by the number of the first and
last bases in the range separated by two periods (e.g., 23..79). The
symbols < and > indicate that the end point of the range is beyond the
specified base number. Starting and ending positions can be indicated
by base number or by one of the operators described below.
Operators are prefixes that specify what must be done to the indicated
sequence to locate the feature. The following are the operators
available, along with their most common format and a description.
complement (location): The feature is complementary to the location
indicated. Complementary strands are read 5 to 3.
join (location, location, .. location): The indicated elements should
be placed end to end to form one contiguous sequence.
order (location, location, .. location): The elements are found in the
specified order in the 5 to 3 direction, but nothing is implied about
the rationality of joining them.
3.4.12.3 Feature Qualifiers
Qualifiers provide additional information about features. They take
the form of a slash (/) followed by a qualifier name and, if
applicable, an equal sign (=) and a qualifier value. Feature
qualifiers begin at column 22.
Qualifiers convey many types of information. Their values can,
therefore, take several forms:
1. Free text;
2. Controlled vocabulary or enumerated values;
3. Citations or reference numbers;
4. Sequences;
5. Feature labels.
Text qualifier values must be enclosed in double quotation marks. The
text can consist of any printable characters (ASCII values 32-126
decimal). If the text string includes double quotation marks, each set
must be `escaped' by placing a double quotation mark in front of it
(e.g., /note="This is an example of ""escaped"" quotation marks").
Some qualifiers require values selected from a limited set of choices.
For example, the `/direction' qualifier has only three values `left,'
`right,' or `both.' These are called controlled vocabulary qualifier
values. Controlled qualifier values are not case sensitive; they can
be entered in any combination of upper- and lowercase without changing
their meaning.
Citation or published reference numbers for the entry should be
enclosed in square brackets ([]) to distinguish them from other
numbers.
A literal sequence of bases (e.g., "atgcatt") should be enclosed in
quotation marks. Literal sequences are distinguished from free text by
context. Qualifiers that take free text as their values do not take
literal sequences, and vice versa.
The `/label=' qualifier takes a feature label as its qualifier.
Although feature labels are optional, they allow unambiguous
references to the feature. The feature label identifies a feature
within an entry; when combined with the accession number and the name
of the data bank from which it came, it is a unique tag for that
feature. Feature labels must be unique within an entry, but can be the
same as a feature label in another entry. Feature labels are not case
sensitive; they can be entered in any combination of upper-and
lowercase without changing their meaning.
The following is a partial list of feature qualifiers.
/anticodon Location of the anticodon of tRNA and the amino acid
for which it codes
/bound_moiety Moiety bound
/citation Reference to a citation providing the claim of or
evidence for a feature
/codon Specifies a codon that is different from any found in the
reference genetic code
/codon_start Indicates the first base of the first complete codon
in a CDS (as 1 or 2 or 3)
/cons_splice Identifies intron splice sites that do not conform to
the 5'-GT... AG-3' splice site consensus
/db_xref A database cross-reference; pointer to related information
in another database. A description of all cross-references
can be found at:
http://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/collab/db_xref.html
/direction Direction of DNA replication
/EC_number Enzyme Commission number for the enzyme product of the
sequence
/evidence Value indicating the nature of supporting evidence
/frequency Frequency of the occurrence of a feature
/function Function attributed to a sequence
/gene Symbol of the gene corresponding to a sequence region (usable
with all features)
/label A label used to permanently identify a feature
/map Map position of the feature in free-format text
/mod_base Abbreviation for a modified nucleotide base
/note Any comment or additional information
/number A number indicating the order of genetic elements
(e.g., exons or introns) in the 5 to 3 direction
/organism Name of the organism that is the source of the
sequence data in the record.
/partial Differentiates between complete regions and partial ones
/phenotype Phenotype conferred by the feature
/product Name of a product encoded by a coding region (CDS)
feature
/pseudo Indicates that this feature is a non-functional
version of the element named by the feature key
/rpt_family Type of repeated sequence; Alu or Kpn, for example
/rpt_type Organization of repeated sequence
/rpt_unit Identity of repeat unit that constitutes a repeat_region
/standard_name Accepted standard name for this feature
/transl_except Translational exception: single codon, the translation
of which does not conform to the reference genetic code
/translation Amino acid translation of a coding region
/type Name of a strain if different from that in the SOURCE field
/usedin Indicates that feature is used in a compound feature
in another entry
3.4.12.4 Cross-Reference Information
One type of information in the feature table lists cross-references to
the annual compilation of transfer RNA sequences in Nucleic Acids
Research, which has kindly been sent to us on CD-ROM by Dr. Sprinzl.
Each tRNA entry of the feature table contains a /note= qualifier that
includes a reference such as `(NAR: 1234)' to identify code 1234 in
the NAR compilation. When such a cross-reference appears in an entry
that contains a gene coding for a transfer RNA molecule, it refers to
the code in the tRNA gene compilation. Similar cross-references in
entries containing mature transfer RNA sequences refer to the
companion compilation of tRNA sequences published by D.H. Gauss and M.
Sprinzl in Nucleic Acids Research.
3.4.12.5 Feature Table Examples
In the first example a number of key names, feature locations, and
qualifiers are illustrated, taken from different sequences. The first
table entry is a coding region consisting of a simple span of bases
and including a /gene qualifier. In the second table entry, an NAR
cross-reference is given (see the previous section for a discussion of
these cross-references). The third and fourth table entries use the
symbols `<`and `>' to indicate that the beginning or end of the
feature is beyond the range of the presented sequence. In the fifth
table entry, the symbol `^' indicates that the feature is between
bases.
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
CDS 5..1261
/product="alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor"
/map="14q32.1"
/gene="PI"
tRNA 1..87
/note="Leu-tRNA-CAA (NAR: 1057)"
/anticodon=(pos:35..37,aa:Leu)
mRNA 1..>66
/note="alpha-1-acid glycoprotein mRNA"
transposon <1..267
/note="insertion element IS5"
misc_recomb 105^106
/note="B.subtilis DNA end/IS5 DNA start"
conflict 258
/replace="t"
/citation=[2]
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
Example 10. Feature Table Entries
The next example shows the representation for a CDS that spans more
than one entry.
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
LOCUS HUMPGAMM1 3688 bp ds-DNA PRI 15-OCT-1990
DEFINITION Human phosphoglycerate mutase (muscle specific isozyme) (PGAM-M)
gene, 5' end.
ACCESSION M55673 M25818 M27095
KEYWORDS phosphoglycerate mutase.
SEGMENT 1 of 2
.
.
.
FEATURES Location/Qualifiers
CAAT_signal 1751..1755
/gene="PGAM-M"
TATA_signal 1791..1799
/gene="PGAM-M"
exon 1820..2274
/number=1
/EC_number="5.4.2.1"
/gene="PGAM-M"
intron 2275..2377
/number=1
/gene="PGAM2"
exon 2378..2558
/number=2
/gene="PGAM-M"
.
.
.
//
LOCUS HUMPGAMM2 677 bp ds-DNA PRI 15-OCT-1990
DEFINITION Human phosphoglycerate mutase (muscle specific isozyme) (PGAM-M),
exon 3.
ACCESSION M55674 M25818 M27096
KEYWORDS phosphoglycerate mutase.
SEGMENT 2 of 2
.
.
.
FEATURES Location/Qualifiers
exon 255..457
/number=3
/gene="PGAM-M"
intron order(M55673:2559..>3688,<1..254)
/number=2
/gene="PGAM-M"
mRNA join(M55673:1820..2274,M55673:2378..2558,255..457)
/gene="PGAM-M"
CDS join(M55673:1861..2274,M55673:2378..2558,255..421)
/note="muscle-specific isozyme"
/gene="PGAM2"
/product="phosphoglycerate mutase"
/codon_start=1
/translation="MATHRLVMVRHGESTWNQENRFCGWFDAELSEKGTEEAKRGAKA
IKDAKMEFDICYTSVLKRAIRTLWAILDGTDQMWLPVVRTWRLNERHYGGLTGLNKAE
TAAKHGEEQVKIWRRSFDIPPPPMDEKHPYYNSISKERRYAGLKPGELPTCESLKDTI
ARALPFWNEEIVPQIKAGKRVLIAAHGNSLRGIVKHLEGMSDQAIMELNLPTGIPIVY
ELNKELKPTKPMQFLGDEETVRKAMEAVAAQGKAK"
.
.
.
//
---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 79
Example 11. Joining Sequences
3.4.13 ORIGIN Format
The ORIGIN record may be left blank, may appear as `Unreported.' or
may give a local pointer to the sequence start, usually involving an
experimentally determined restriction cleavage site or the genetic
locus (if available). The ORIGIN record ends in a period if it
contains data, but does not include the period if the record is left
empty (in contrast to the KEYWORDS field which contains a period
rather than being left blank).
3.4.14 SEQUENCE Format
The nucleotide sequence for an entry is found in the records following
the ORIGIN record. The sequence is reported in the 5 to 3 direction.
There are sixty bases per record, listed in groups of ten bases
followed by a blank, starting at position 11 of each record. The
number of the first nucleotide in the record is given in columns 4 to
9 (right justified) of the record.
4. ALTERNATE RELEASES
NCBI is supplying sequence data in the GenBank flat file format to
maintain compatibility with existing software which require that
particular format. Although we have made every effort to ensure
that these data are presented in the traditional flat file format,
if you encounter any problems in using these data with software which
is based upon the flat file format, please contact us at:
info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The flat file is just one of many possible report formats that can be
generated from the richer representation supported by the ASN.1 form of the
data. Developers of new software tools should consider using the ASN.1 form
directly to take advantage of those features. Documentation and a Software
Developer's Toolkit for ASN.1 are available through NCBI. You may call NCBI
at (301)496-2475, or subscribe to a developers' electronic newsgroup by
sending your name, address, affiliation, and e-mail address to:
bits-request@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The Software Developer's Toolkit and PostScript documentation for UNIX,
VMS, Ultrix, AIX, MacOS, DOS, and Microsoft Windows systems is available
in a compressed UNIX tar file by anonymous ftp from 'ftp.ncbi.nih.gov',
in the toolbox/ncbi_tools directory. The file is 'ncbi.tar.Z'.
5. KNOWN PROBLEMS OF THE GENBANK DATABASE
5.1 Incorrect Gene Symbols in Entries and Index
The /gene qualifier for many GenBank entries contains values other than the
official gene symbol, such as the product or the standard name of the gene. The
gene symbol index (gbgen.idx) is created from the data in the /gene qualifier
and therefore may contain data other than official gene symbols.
6. GENBANK ADMINISTRATION
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library
of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, is responsible for the production
and distribution of the NIH GenBank Sequence Database. NCBI distributes
GenBank sequence data by anonymous FTP, e-mail servers and other
network services. For more information, you may contact NCBI at the
e-mail address: info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or by phone: 301-496-2475.
6.1 Registered Trademark Notice
GenBank (R) is a registered trademark of the U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services for the Genetic Sequence Data Bank.
6.2 Citing GenBank
If you have used GenBank in your research, we would appreciate it if
you would include a reference to GenBank in all publications related
to that research.
When citing data in GenBank, it is appropriate to give the sequence
name, primary accession number, and the publication in which the
sequence first appeared. If the data are unpublished, we urge you to
contact the group which submitted the data to GenBank to see if there
is a recent publication or if they have determined any revisions or
extensions of the data.
It is also appropriate to list a reference for GenBank itself. The
following publication, which describes the GenBank database, should
be cited:
Benson D.A., Karsch-Mizrachi I., Lipman D.J., Ostell J., Rapp B.A.,
Wheeler D.L. GenBank. Nucl. Acids Res. 28(1):15-18 (2000)
The following statement is an example of how you may cite GenBank
data. It cites the sequence, its primary accession number, the group
who determined the sequence, and GenBank. The numbers in parentheses
refer to the GenBank citation above and to the REFERENCE in the
GenBank sequence entry.
`We scanned the GenBank (1) database for sequence similarities and
found one sequence (2), GenBank accession number J01016, which showed
significant similarity...'
(1) Benson, D.A. et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 28(1):15-18 (2000)
(2) Nellen, W. and Gallwitz, D. J. Mol. Biol. 159, 1-18 (1982)
6.3 GenBank Distribution Formats and Media
Complete flat file releases of the GenBank database are available via
NCBI's anonymous ftp server:
ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov
Each release is cumulative, incorporating all previous GenBank data.
No retrieval software is provided. GenBank distribution via CD-ROM
ceased as of GenBank Release 106.0 (April, 1998).
Mirrors of the GenBank FTP site at the NCBI are available from the
San Diego Supercomputer Center and the University of Indiana:
ftp://genbank.sdsc.edu/pub
ftp://bio-mirror.net/biomirror/genbank/
6.4 Other Methods of Accessing GenBank Data
Entrez is a molecular biology database system that presents an integrated
view of DNA and protein sequence data, 3D structure data, complete genomes,
and associated MEDLINE entries. The system is produced by the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and is available only via
the Internet (using the Web-Entrez and Network-Entrez applications).
Accessing Entrez is easy: if you have a World Wide Web browser, such as
Netscape or Internet-Explorer, simply point your browser to:
http://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/
The Web version of Entrez has all the capabilities of the network version,
but with the visual style of the World Wide Web. If you prefer the "look and
feel" of Network-Entrez, you may download Network-Entrez from the NCBI's
FTP server:
ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/
Versions are available for PC/Windows, Macintosh and several Unix variants.
For information about Network-Entrez, Web-Entrez or any other NCBI
services, you may contact NCBI by e-mail to info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or by
phone at 301-496-2475.
6.5 Request for Corrections and Comments
We welcome your suggestions for improvements to GenBank. We are
especially interested to learn of errors or inconsistencies in the
data. BankIt or Sequin can be used to submit revisions to previous
submissions. In addition, suggestions and corrections can be sent by
electronic mail to: update@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Please be certain to
indicate the GenBank release number (e.g., Release 126.0) and the
primary accession number of the entry to which your comments apply; it
is helpful if you also give the entry name and the current contents of
any data field for which you are recommending a change.
6.6 Credits and Acknowledgments
Credits -
GenBank Release Coordination
Mark Cavanaugh
GenBank Submission Coordination
Ilene Mizrachi
GenBank Annotation Staff
Tanya Barrett, Lori Black, Larissa Brown, Larry Chlumsky, Karen
Clark, Irene Fang, Michael Fetchko, Belinda Jackson, Anjanette
Johnston, Pierre Ledoux, Richard McVeigh, Leonie Misquitta, Ilene
Mizrachi, Michael Murphy, Quy Phung, David Rasko, Leigh Riley, Paola
Roncaglia, Gert Roosen, Susan Schafer, Suh-suh Wang, Jane Weisemann,
Steven Wilhite, and Linda Yankie
Data Management and Preparation
Vladimir Alekseyev, Serge Bazhin, Anton Butanaev, Mark Cavanaugh,
Hsiu-Chuan Chen, Jonathan Kans, Michael Kimelman, Jim Ostell,
Joel Plotkin, Karl Sirotkin, Vladimir Soussov, Elena Starchenko,
Tatiana Tatusov, Carolyn Tolstoshev, Jane Weisemann, Eugene Yaschenko
Database Administration
Helen Epting, Slava Khotomliansky, Tony Stearman
User Support
Nancy Allmang, Medha Bhagwat, Peter Cooper, Susan Dombrowski,
Renata Geer, Dawn Lipshultz, Eugenia Posey-Marcos, Scott McGinnis,
Vyvy Pham, Barbara Rapp, Monica Romiti, Tao Tao, Rose Marie Woodsmall,
David Wheeler
Project Direction
David Lipman
Acknowledgments -
Contractor support for GenBank production and distribution
has been provided by Management Systems Designers, Inc.,
ComputerCraft Corporation, and The KEVRIC Company, Inc.
6.7 Disclaimer
The United States Government makes no representations or warranties
regarding the content or accuracy of the information. The United States
Government also makes no representations or warranties of merchantability
or fitness for a particular purpose or that the use of the sequences will
not infringe any patent, copyright, trademark, or other rights. The
United States Government accepts no responsibility for any consequence
of the receipt or use of the information.
For additional information about GenBank releases, please contact
NCBI by e-mail at info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, by phone at (301) 496-2475,
or by mail at:
GenBank
National Library of Medicine
Bldg. 38A Rm. 8N-809
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
FAX: (301) 480-9241
