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    Crat carnitine acetyltransferase [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]

    Gene ID: 12908, updated on 21-Apr-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    Cratprovided by MGI
    Official Full Name
    carnitine acetyltransferaseprovided by MGI
    Primary source
    MGI:MGI:109501
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000026853 AllianceGenome:MGI:109501
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    VALIDATED
    Organism
    Mus musculus
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
    Also known as
    CARAT
    Summary
    Predicted to enable acyl-CoA oxidase activity and carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in carnitine metabolic process, CoA-linked and fatty acid metabolic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within lipid metabolic process. Located in mitochondrion. Is expressed in several structures, including alimentary system; central nervous system; genitourinary system; respiratory system; and sensory organ. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Orthologous to human CRAT (carnitine O-acetyltransferase). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
    Expression
    Broad expression in testis adult (RPKM 140.8), heart adult (RPKM 116.2) and 20 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    human all
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    Genomic context

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    Location:
    2 B; 2 21.69 cM
    Exon count:
    17
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_02 current GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27) 2 NC_000068.8 (30290483..30305602, complement)
    108.20200622 previous assembly GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) 2 NC_000068.7 (30400476..30416017, complement)

    Chromosome 2 - NC_000068.8Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene SH3-domain GRB2-like endophilin B2 Neighboring gene mitoguardin 2 Neighboring gene STARR-positive B cell enhancer ABC_E410 Neighboring gene dolichyl pyrophosphate phosphatase 1 Neighboring gene protein phosphatase 2 protein activator Neighboring gene STARR-positive B cell enhancer ABC_E5903 Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_04096 Neighboring gene CapStarr-seq enhancer MGSCv37_chr2:30319437-30319638 Neighboring gene STARR-positive B cell enhancer ABC_E1584 Neighboring gene STARR-positive B cell enhancer ABC_E3367 Neighboring gene immediate early response 5-like

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
    • Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
    • BioProject: PRJNA66167
    • Publication: PMID 25409824
    • Analysis date: n/a

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Pyruvate-supported flux through medium-chain ketothiolase promotes mitochondrial lipid tolerance in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Koves TR, et al. Cell Metab, 2023 Jun 6. PMID 37060901,
    2. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation confers marginal metabolic benefits in obese mice without remodeling the muscle acetyl-proteome. Williams AS, et al. iScience, 2022 Jan 21. PMID 35028529, Free PMC Article
    3. The Acetyl Group Buffering Action of Carnitine Acetyltransferase Offsets Macronutrient-Induced Lysine Acetylation of Mitochondrial Proteins. Davies MN, et al. Cell Rep, 2016 Jan 12. PMID 26748706, Free PMC Article
    4. Crystal structures of murine carnitine acetyltransferase in ternary complexes with its substrates. Hsiao YS, et al. J Biol Chem, 2006 Sep 22. PMID 16870616, Free PMC Article
    5. Structural and biochemical studies of the substrate selectivity of carnitine acetyltransferase. Hsiao YS, et al. J Biol Chem, 2004 Jul 23. PMID 15155726

    See all (40) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. CRAT links cholesterol metabolism to innate immune responses in the heart.
      Title: CRAT links cholesterol metabolism to innate immune responses in the heart.
    2. The Regulators of Peroxisomal Acyl-Carnitine Shuttle CROT and CRAT Promote Metastasis in Melanoma.
      Title: The Regulators of Peroxisomal Acyl-Carnitine Shuttle CROT and CRAT Promote Metastasis in Melanoma.
    3. we modeled mitochondrial overload by creating mice lacking the enzyme carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) in the proximal tubules, thus limiting a primary mechanism to export carbons under conditions of substrate excess. Mice developed tubular disease and, interestingly, secondary glomerulosclerosis. This was accompanied by increased levels of apoptosis, fibrosis and oxidative stress.
      Title: Proximal Tubular Cell-Specific Ablation of Carnitine Acetyltransferase Causes Tubular Disease and Secondary Glomerulosclerosis.
    4. AgRP neurons require Crat to provide the metabolic flexibility to optimize nutrient partitioning and regulate peripheral substrate utilization, particularly during fasting and refeeding.
      Title: AgRP Neurons Require Carnitine Acetyltransferase to Regulate Metabolic Flexibility and Peripheral Nutrient Partitioning.
    5. Crat within AgRP neurons forms a component of the homeostatic response to restricted feeding but is not likely to be a molecular component of Food-entrainable oscillator.
      Title: Carnitine Acetyltransferase in AgRP Neurons Is Required for the Homeostatic Adaptation to Restricted Feeding in Male Mice.
    6. Presence of a cytosolic CrAT with a low Km for CoA, favoring the formation of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, providing an additional source to the classical ATP-citrate lyase pathway; there is an inverse relation between CrAT and the ratio of acetyl-CoA/CoA as evident in conditions affecting the regulation of cardiac energy metabolism.
      Title: Cytosolic carnitine acetyltransferase as a source of cytosolic acetyl-CoA: a possible mechanism for regulation of cardiac energy metabolism.
    7. Studies revealed that ablation of CrAT in myeloid lineage cells did not impact glucose homeostasis, insulin-action, adipose tissue leukocytosis, and inflammation when animals were confronted with a variety of metabolic stressors, including high-fat diet, fasting, or LPS-induced acute endotoxemia.
      Title: Carnitine acetyltransferase (CRAT) expression in macrophages is dispensable for nutrient stress sensing and inflammation.
    8. Crat-mediated acetyl group buffering is essential for optimal exercise performance.
      Title: Carnitine Acetyltransferase Mitigates Metabolic Inertia and Muscle Fatigue during Exercise.
    9. The predicted full length cDNA sequence of the porcine CRAT gene was characterised and a new 5' variant for dog, rat and mouse was proposed.
      Title: The carnitine acetyltransferase gene (CRAT): a characterization of porcine transcripts with insights into the 5'-end variants of mammalian transcripts and their possible sub-cellular localization.
    10. structural model for L-CPT I (liver CPT I), based on the similarity of this enzyme to the recently crystallized mouse carnitine acetyltransferase
      Title: Structural model of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I based on the carnitine acetyltransferase crystal.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (11)

    Variation

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    Alleles

    Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics  (MGI)
    • Targeted (1)  1 citation
    • Endonuclease-mediated (2) 

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables acyl-CoA oxidase activity ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables acyltransferase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables carnitine O-octanoyltransferase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables transferase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in carnitine metabolic process, CoA-linked IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in carnitine metabolic process, CoA-linked ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in fatty acid metabolic process ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within lipid metabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in medium-chain fatty acid metabolic process ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in short-chain fatty acid metabolic process ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrial inner membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion HDA PubMed 
    located_in mitochondrion ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in peroxisome IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in peroxisome ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    carnitine O-acetyltransferase
    Names
    CAT
    carnitine acetylase
    NP_001407004.1
    NP_001407005.1
    NP_001407006.1
    NP_001407007.1
    NP_001407008.1
    NP_031786.2
    XP_006497709.1
    XP_006497710.1
    XP_030102925.1
    XP_030102930.1
    XP_030102931.1
    XP_030102932.1
    XP_036013843.1
    XP_036013849.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001420075.1 → NP_001407004.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform b

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL954299, AL954388

    2. NM_001420076.1 → NP_001407005.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform c

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL954299, AL954388

    3. NM_001420077.1 → NP_001407006.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform d

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL954299, AL954388
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      H7BX88

    4. NM_001420078.1 → NP_001407007.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform d

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL954299, AL954388
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      H7BX88

    5. NM_001420079.1 → NP_001407008.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform e

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL954299

    6. NM_007760.4 → NP_031786.2  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform a

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_031786.2

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL954299, AL954388
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS15882.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P47934, Q3TCG3, Q3V1Y3, Q923A6
      Related
      ENSMUSP00000028207.7, ENSMUST00000028207.13
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:35 → 615
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase

    RNA

    1. NR_185129.1 RNA Sequence

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL954299, AL954388

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001635.27-RS_2024_02

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

    Genomic

    1. NC_000068.8 Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

      Range
      30290483..30305602 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_006497647.2 → XP_006497710.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform X4

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_006497710.1

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:14 → 599
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase

    2. XM_030247070.1 → XP_030102930.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform X5

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      H7BX88
      Related
      ENSMUSP00000099918.4, ENSMUST00000102854.10
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:14 → 594
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase

    3. XM_030247071.1 → XP_030102931.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform X6

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:23 → 545
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase

    4. XM_030247065.1 → XP_030102925.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform X3

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:35 → 615
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase

    5. XM_036157950.1 → XP_036013843.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform X4

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:14 → 599
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase

    6. XM_036157956.1 → XP_036013849.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform X7

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:23 → 540
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase

    7. XM_030247072.2 → XP_030102932.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform X6

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:23 → 545
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase

    8. XM_006497646.5 → XP_006497709.1  carnitine O-acetyltransferase isoform X2

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00755
      Location:35 → 620
      Carn_acyltransf; Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase
    Nucleotide Protein Strain
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P47934.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P47934

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