Penk proenkephalin [Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Penkprovided by RGD
Official Full Name: proenkephalinprovided by RGD
Primary source: RGD:68946
See related: Ensembl:ENSRNOG00000008943 AllianceGenome:RGD:68946
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: VALIDATED
Organism: Rattus norvegicus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus
Also known as: Enk; Penk1; Penk2; Penk-rs
Summary: Predicted to enable opioid receptor binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to organic cyclic compound; general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process; and locomotory exploration behavior. Located in several cellular components, including cell body fiber; perikaryon; and symmetric synapse. Is active in neuronal dense core vesicle lumen and synaptic vesicle lumen. Used to study heroin dependence. Biomarker of Parkinson's disease; alcohol use disorder; dystonia; and spinal disease. Orthologous to human PENK (proenkephalin). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
Expression: Biased expression in Heart (RPKM 655.0), Brain (RPKM 409.2) and 1 other tissue See more
Orthologs: human mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 5q12

Exon count:: 3

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCr8 (GCF_036323735.1)	5	NC_086023.1 (21981381..21987074, complement)
RS_2023_06	previous assembly	mRatBN7.2 (GCF_015227675.2)	5	NC_051340.1 (17183799..17189160, complement)
106	previous assembly	Rnor_6.0 (GCF_000001895.5)	5	NC_005104.4 (17056412..17061762, complement)

Chromosome 5 - NC_086023.1 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages
Description: 320 RNA samples isolated from 11 organs (adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, thymus, and testes or uterus) from both sexes of Fischer 344 rats across four developmental stages (2-, 6-, 21-, and 104-weeks-old)
BioProject: PRJNA238328
Publication: PMID 24510058
Analysis date: Mon Jun 6 17:44:12 2016

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Study found that miRNA let-7b-5p was increased as electroacupuncture tolerance occurred in rats with the complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced inflammatory nociception. The let-7b-5p contributed to the formation of EA tolerance by downregulating Penk1 gene.
Title: Let-7b-5p promotes electroacupuncture tolerance by downregulating Penk1 gene in CFA-induced inflammatory nociception rats.
Preproenkephalin-minimalistic immunologically defined gene expression-nuclear localization signal (PPENK-MIDGE-NLS) vector postconditioning can mitigate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by promoting mitophagy.
Title: [Overexpression of PPENK reduces myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by promoting mitophagy in rats].
Mapping the co-localization of the circadian proteins PER2 and BMAL1 with enkephalin and substance P throughout the rat forebrain has been reported.
Title: Mapping the co-localization of the circadian proteins PER2 and BMAL1 with enkephalin and substance P throughout the rodent forebrain.
The findings of thus study suggest that, in parkinsonian animals treated with l-DOPA, high levels of PPENK are a prerequisite for a locomotor sensitization to l-DOPA treatment
Title: Enkephalin and dynorphin neuropeptides are differently correlated with locomotor hypersensitivity and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats.
results suggest that a DeltaFosB-mediated downregulation of enkephalin in the nucleus accumbens might underlie the susceptibility to chronic stress
Title: Enkephalin downregulation in the nucleus accumbens underlies chronic stress-induced anhedonia.
Enkephalin expression was increased in the paraventricular nucleus in high ethanol consuming rats with high activity compared to low activity.
Title: Neurochemical heterogeneity of rats predicted by different measures to be high ethanol consumers.
we have demonstrated that ENKergic neurons facilitate unconditioned fear and anxiety through ENK release
Title: Enkephalin knockdown in the central amygdala nucleus reduces unconditioned fear and anxiety.
enkephalin surges and mu opioid stimulation in the same anteromedial dorsal neostriatumregion contribute to signaling the opportunity to eat a sensory reward and to causally generating increased consumption of that reward.
Title: Enkephalin surges in dorsal neostriatum as a signal to eat.
In high drinking animals, the anticipation of ethanol is characterized by distinct behaviors, increased exploration and novelty-seeking, and by a specific neurochemical phenotype, greater expression of ENK and MOR within the medial prefrontal cortex.
Title: Disturbances in behavior and cortical enkephalin gene expression during the anticipation of ethanol in rats characterized as high drinkers.
Chinese herbal drugs reduced hippocampal expression of enkephalin and prodynorphin in rats under chronic immobilization stress.
Title: [Effects of Chinese herbs on enkephalin mRNA and prodynorphin mRNA gene expression in rat hippocampus with chronic immobilization stress].

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (22)

General gene information

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Markers

RH127445 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:210755

D5Mit18 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:260717

BE111113 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:245617

d5mit18 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:120461

Gene Ontology Provided by RGD

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables opioid peptide activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables opioid receptor binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables opioid receptor binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables receptor ligand activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within aggressive behavior	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within behavioral fear response	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in cellular response to cAMP	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to oxidative stress	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to virus	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to vitamin D	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in chemical synaptic transmission	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in glial cell proliferation	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within locomotory behavior	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in locomotory exploration behavior	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in osteoblast differentiation	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of behavioral fear response	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of long-term synaptic depression	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to bacterium	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in response to calcium ion	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to epinephrine	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to estradiol	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to ethanol	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in response to ethanol	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to hypoxia	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to immobilization stress	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to lipopolysaccharide	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to nicotine	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to toxic substance	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in sensory perception	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within sensory perception of pain	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within signal transduction	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within startle response	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in synaptic signaling via neuropeptide	EXP Inferred from Experiment more info	PubMed
involved_in synaptic signaling via neuropeptide	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in transmission of nerve impulse	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in axon	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in axon terminus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in axon terminus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cell body fiber	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in chromaffin granule lumen	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
is_active_in dendrite	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in dendrite	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in extracellular region	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
is_active_in neuronal cell body	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in neuronal cell body	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in neuronal dense core vesicle lumen	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in perikaryon	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in perikaryon	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
is_active_in plasma membrane	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in symmetric synapse	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in synaptic vesicle lumen	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: proenkephalin-A

Names: enkephalin; preproenkephalin 2; proenkephalin 1; proenkephalin 2; proenkephalin related sequence

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001429580.1 → NP_001416509.1 proenkephalin-A precursor

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

JAXUCZ010000005

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P04094, Q53X05

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A6JFM8
NM_017139.3 → NP_058835.2 proenkephalin-A precursor

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

JAXUCZ010000005

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P04094, Q53X05

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A6JFM8

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam01160
Location:25 → 70

Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_036323735.1-RS_2024_02

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCr8

Genomic

NC_086023.1 Reference GRCr8

Range

21981381..21987074 complement

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_006237835.3 → XP_006237897.1 proenkephalin-A isoform X1

Related

ENSRNOP00000011892.4

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam01160
Location:25 → 70

Opiods_neuropep; Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide