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    TAOK2 TAO kinase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 9344, updated on 3-Apr-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    TAOK2provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    TAO kinase 2provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:16835
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000149930 MIM:613199; AllianceGenome:HGNC:16835
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    PSK; PSK1; TAO1; TAO2; MAP3K17; Tao2beta; PSK1-BETA
    Summary
    Enables mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding activity; neuropilin binding activity; and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Involved in several processes, including focal adhesion assembly; intracellular signal transduction; and positive regulation of JNK cascade. Located in cytoplasmic vesicle; cytosol; and nuclear lumen. Part of receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
    Expression
    Ubiquitous expression in fat (RPKM 12.5), testis (RPKM 11.6) and 25 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
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    Genomic context

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    Location:
    16p11.2
    Exon count:
    22
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 16 NC_000016.10 (29973868..29992261)
    RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 16 NC_060940.1 (30256503..30274899)
    105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 16 NC_000016.9 (29985189..30003582)

    Chromosome 16 - NC_000016.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 13 Neighboring gene KCTD13 divergent transcript Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 10684 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 7345 Neighboring gene transmembrane protein 219 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 7346 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124903762 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:29985672-29986443 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:29987081-29987582 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:29987583-29988082 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:30002153-30002740 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:30004428-30004928 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:30004929-30005429 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 10686 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 10687 Neighboring gene HIRA interacting protein 3 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr16:30015046-30015830 Neighboring gene INO80 complex subunit E Neighboring gene double C2 domain alpha

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. TAOK2 is an ER-localized kinase that catalyzes the dynamic tethering of ER to microtubules. Nourbakhsh K, et al. Dev Cell, 2021 Dec 20. PMID 34879262, Free PMC Article
    2. The circRNA circSIAE Inhibits Replication of Coxsackie Virus B3 by Targeting miR-331-3p and Thousand and One Amino-Acid Kinase 2. Yang Q, et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2021. PMID 35141166, Free PMC Article
    3. Targeting TAO Kinases Using a New Inhibitor Compound Delays Mitosis and Induces Mitotic Cell Death in Centrosome Amplified Breast Cancer Cells. Koo CY, et al. Mol Cancer Ther, 2017 Nov. PMID 28830982
    4. Prostate-derived sterile 20-like kinase 1-alpha induces apoptosis. JNK- and caspase-dependent nuclear localization is a requirement for membrane blebbing. Zihni C, et al. J Biol Chem, 2007 Mar 2. PMID 17158878
    5. Prostate-derived sterile 20-like kinases (PSKs/TAOKs) phosphorylate tau protein and are activated in tangle-bearing neurons in Alzheimer disease. Tavares IA, et al. J Biol Chem, 2013 May 24. PMID 23585562, Free PMC Article

    See all (52) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Comprehensive split TEV based protein-protein interaction screening reveals TAOK2 as a key modulator of Hippo signalling to limit growth.
      Title: Comprehensive split TEV based protein-protein interaction screening reveals TAOK2 as a key modulator of Hippo signalling to limit growth.
    2. The circRNA circSIAE Inhibits Replication of Coxsackie Virus B3 by Targeting miR-331-3p and Thousand and One Amino-Acid Kinase 2.
      Title: The circRNA circSIAE Inhibits Replication of Coxsackie Virus B3 by Targeting miR-331-3p and Thousand and One Amino-Acid Kinase 2.
    3. TAOK2 is an ER-localized kinase that catalyzes the dynamic tethering of ER to microtubules.
      Title: TAOK2 is an ER-localized kinase that catalyzes the dynamic tethering of ER to microtubules.
    4. we characterize a compound that inhibits TAOK1 and TAOK2 activity with IC50 values of 11 to 15 nmol/L, is ATP-competitive, and targets these kinases selectively. TAOK inhibition or depletion in centrosome-amplified SKBR3 or BT549 breast cancer cell models increases the mitotic population, the percentages of mitotic cells displaying amplified centrosomes and multipolar spindles, induces cell death, and inhibits cell growt
      Title: Targeting TAO Kinases Using a New Inhibitor Compound Delays Mitosis and Induces Mitotic Cell Death in Centrosome Amplified Breast Cancer Cells.
    5. tau is a good substrate for PSK1 and PSK2 phosphorylation with mass spectrometric analysis of phosphorylated tau revealing more than 40 tau residues as targets of these kinases.
      Title: Prostate-derived sterile 20-like kinases (PSKs/TAOKs) phosphorylate tau protein and are activated in tangle-bearing neurons in Alzheimer disease.
    6. TAOK2 is essential for dendrite morphogenesis; TAOK2 downregulation impairs basal dendrite formation without affecting apical dendrites.
      Title: Autism spectrum disorder susceptibility gene TAOK2 affects basal dendrite formation in the neocortex.
    7. Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
      Title: Association and mutation analyses of 16p11.2 autism candidate genes.
    8. PSK1-alpha is a bifunctional kinase that associates with microtubules, and JNK- and caspase-mediated removal of its C-terminal microtubule-binding domain permits nuclear translocation of the N-terminal region of PSK1-alpha and its induction of apoptosis
      Title: Prostate-derived sterile 20-like kinase 1-alpha induces apoptosis. JNK- and caspase-dependent nuclear localization is a requirement for membrane blebbing.
    9. the TAK1-JNK pathway is activated by osmotic stress, while blocking TAK1-mediated NF-kappaB activation; TAO2 regulates TAK1 pathways
      Title: Osmotic stress activates the TAK1-JNK pathway while blocking TAK1-mediated NF-kappaB activation: TAO2 regulates TAK1 pathways.
    10. mediates signaling from carbachol to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and ternary complex factors
      Title: TAO (thousand-and-one amino acid) protein kinases mediate signaling from carbachol to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and ternary complex factors.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (11)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Description
    Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci.
    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • KIAA0881

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables ATP binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables MAP kinase kinase kinase activity NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables neuropilin binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein serine kinase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables tau protein binding NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables tau-protein kinase activity NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in DNA damage response IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in actin cytoskeleton organization IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in activation of protein kinase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in apoptotic process NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in axonogenesis IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in axonogenesis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in basal dendrite arborization ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in basal dendrite morphogenesis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in cell migration NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in focal adhesion assembly IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of JNK cascade IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of JNK cascade ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of MAPK cascade IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in protein autophosphorylation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in protein phosphorylation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in protein targeting to membrane NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of cell growth NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of cell shape IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in stress-activated MAPK cascade IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    colocalizes_with actin cytoskeleton ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in axon ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in axonal growth cone ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in cytoplasmic vesicle IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    located_in dendritic growth cone ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in neuron projection ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in nucleolus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    located_in nucleoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    part_of receptor complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2
    Names
    PSK-1
    hKFC-C
    kinase from chicken homolog C
    prostate derived STE20-like kinase PSK
    prostate-derived STE20-like kinase 1
    prostate-derived sterile 20-like kinase 1
    thousand and one amino acid protein kinase 2
    NP_001238972.1
    NP_004774.1
    NP_057235.2
    XP_011544284.1
    XP_011544285.1
    XP_011544286.1
    XP_011544287.1
    XP_011544288.1
    XP_047290873.1
    XP_047290874.1
    XP_047290875.1
    XP_047290876.1
    XP_047290877.1
    XP_047290878.1
    XP_054170391.1
    XP_054170392.1
    XP_054170393.1
    XP_054170394.1
    XP_054170395.1
    XP_054170396.1
    XP_054170397.1
    XP_054170398.1
    XP_054170399.1
    XP_054170400.1
    XP_054170401.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_030462.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5002..19527
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001252043.2 → NP_001238972.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform 3

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001238972.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) is alternatively spliced at the 3' end compared to variant 1. However, it maintains the reading frame, and encodes a shorter isoform (3) missing a protein segment compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      BC144344, BC151221, BP233788
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS58448.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q9UL54
      Related
      ENSP00000440336.1, ENST00000543033.5
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00220
      Location:28 → 281
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cd06634
      Location:12 → 319
      STKc_TAO2; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Thousand-and-One Amino acids 2

    2. NM_004783.4 → NP_004774.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_004774.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) contains alternate exons at the 3' end compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter isoform (2, also known as PSK1-beta) with a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF263313, AI805725, BC152413, BP233788, CN286840
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS10662.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q9UL54
      Related
      ENSP00000279394.3, ENST00000279394.7
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      COG0419
      Location:478 → 913
      SbcC; DNA repair exonuclease SbcCD ATPase subunit [Replication, recombination and repair]
      cd06634
      Location:12 → 319
      STKc_TAO2; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Thousand-and-One Amino acids 2

    3. NM_016151.4 → NP_057235.2  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_057235.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1, also known as PSK1-alpha).
      Source sequence(s)
      BC136653, BC151221, BP233788
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS10663.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A5PKY1, A7MCZ2, B2RN35, B7ZM88, O94957, Q6UW73, Q7LC09, Q9NSW2, Q9UL54
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q86V37
      Related
      ENSP00000310094.4, ENST00000308893.9
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00220
      Location:28 → 281
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cd06634
      Location:12 → 319
      STKc_TAO2; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Thousand-and-One Amino acids 2

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000016.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      29973868..29992261
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_011545984.2 → XP_011544286.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X3

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00220
      Location:28 → 281
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cd06634
      Location:12 → 319
      STKc_TAO2; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Thousand-and-One Amino acids 2

    2. XM_011545985.2 → XP_011544287.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X4

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00220
      Location:28 → 281
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cd06634
      Location:12 → 319
      STKc_TAO2; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Thousand-and-One Amino acids 2

    3. XM_047434917.1 → XP_047290873.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X5

    4. XM_011545986.4 → XP_011544288.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X5

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0PJ48
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00220
      Location:28 → 281
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cd06634
      Location:12 → 319
      STKc_TAO2; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Thousand-and-One Amino acids 2

    5. XM_047434918.1 → XP_047290874.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X6

    6. XM_047434919.1 → XP_047290875.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X7

    7. XM_047434922.1 → XP_047290878.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X10

    8. XM_047434920.1 → XP_047290876.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X8

    9. XM_047434921.1 → XP_047290877.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X9

    10. XM_011545982.3 → XP_011544284.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q86V37
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00220
      Location:28 → 281
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cd06634
      Location:12 → 319
      STKc_TAO2; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Thousand-and-One Amino acids 2

    11. XM_011545983.4 → XP_011544285.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q86V37
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00220
      Location:28 → 281
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cd06634
      Location:12 → 319
      STKc_TAO2; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Thousand-and-One Amino acids 2

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060940.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      30256503..30274899
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054314418.1 → XP_054170393.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X3

    2. XM_054314419.1 → XP_054170394.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X4

    3. XM_054314421.1 → XP_054170396.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X5

    4. XM_054314420.1 → XP_054170395.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X5

    5. XM_054314422.1 → XP_054170397.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X6

    6. XM_054314426.1 → XP_054170401.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X10

    7. XM_054314423.1 → XP_054170398.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X7

    8. XM_054314424.1 → XP_054170399.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X8

    9. XM_054314425.1 → XP_054170400.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X9

    10. XM_054314416.1 → XP_054170391.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X1

    11. XM_054314417.1 → XP_054170392.1  serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2 isoform X2

    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9UL54.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9UL54

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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