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| Status |
Public on Sep 05, 2013 |
| Title |
Dual Roles of the Transcription Factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) in Breast Cancer |
| Organism |
Mus musculus |
| Experiment type |
Expression profiling by array
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| Summary |
Using a retrovirus-mediated cDNA expression cloning approach we identified the grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) transcription factor as novel protooncogene. Overexpression of GRHL2 in NIH3T3 cells induced striking morphological changes, an increase in cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and tumor growth in vivo. By combining a microarray analysis and a phylogenetic footprinting analysis with various biochemical assays we identified the epidermal growth factor receptor family member Erbb3 as a novel GRHL2 target gene. In breast cancer cell lines, shRNA-mediated knockdown of GRHL2 expression or functional inactivation of GRHL2 using dominant-negative GRHL2 proteins induce downregulation of ERBB3 gene expression, a striking reduction in cell proliferation and morphological and phenotypical alterations characteristic of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus implying dual roles of GRHL2 in breast carcinogenesis. Interestingly, we could further demonstrate that expression of GRHL2 is directly suppressed by the transcription factor zinc-finger-enhancer binding protein 1 (ZEB1) which in turn is a direct target for repression by GRHL2, suggesting that the EMT transcription factors GRHL2 and ZEB1 form a double negative regulatory feedback loop in breast cancer cells. Finally, a comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of GRHL2 expression in primary breast cancers showed loss of GRHL2 expression at the invasive front of primary tumors. A pathophysiological relevance of GRHL2 in breast cancer metastasis is further demonstrated by our finding of a statistically significant association between loss of GRHL2 expression in primary breast cancers and lymph-node metastasis. We thus demonstrate a crucial role of GRHL2 in breast carcinogenesis.
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| Overall design |
To evaluate the role of the GRHL2 transcription factor in carcinogenessis we overexpressed the human GRHL2 protein in NIH3T3 cells. Parental NIH3T3 cells do not express the orthologic protein. Alterations in genome-wide transcriptional profiles were determined by microarray analysis.
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| Contributor(s) |
Werner S, Frey S, Riethdorf S, Schulze C, Alawi M, Kling L, Vafaizadeh V, Sauter G, Terracciano L, Schumacher U, Pantel K, Assmann V |
| Citation(s) |
23814079 |
| Submission date |
Jan 18, 2013 |
| Last update date |
Jan 12, 2017 |
| Contact name |
Christian Schulze |
| E-mail(s) |
christian.schulze@zmnh.uni-hamburg.de
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| Organization name |
ZMNH
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| Street address |
Falkenried 94
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| City |
Hamburg |
| ZIP/Postal code |
20251 |
| Country |
Germany |
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| Platforms (1) |
| GPL7202 |
Agilent-014868 Whole Mouse Genome Microarray 4x44K G4122F (Probe Name version) |
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| Samples (6)
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| Relations |
| BioProject |
PRJNA186816 |
| Supplementary file |
Size |
Download |
File type/resource |
| GSE43610_RAW.tar |
54.2 Mb |
(http)(custom) |
TAR (of TXT) |
| Processed data included within Sample table |
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