U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Links from GEO Profiles

    • Showing Current items.

    Psd pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]

    Gene ID: 73728, updated on 30-Apr-2024

    Summary

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Official Symbol
    Psdprovided by MGI
    Official Full Name
    pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containingprovided by MGI
    Primary source
    MGI:MGI:1920978
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000037126 AllianceGenome:MGI:1920978
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    VALIDATED
    Organism
    Mus musculus
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
    Also known as
    Efa6; Psdl; Efa6a; mKIAA2011; A930015K15; 1110007H17Rik
    Summary
    Predicted to enable guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity. Involved in neuron projection development. Located in dendritic spine and postsynaptic density, intracellular component. Is extrinsic component of postsynaptic endosome membrane. Is expressed in several structures, including alimentary system; genitourinary system; lung; nervous system; and sensory organ. Orthologous to human PSD (pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
    Expression
    Broad expression in frontal lobe adult (RPKM 68.1), cortex adult (RPKM 65.1) and 16 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    human all
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    Go to the top of the page Help
    See Psd in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    19 C3; 19 38.8 cM
    Exon count:
    21
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_02 current GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27) 19 NC_000085.7 (46300524..46316566, complement)
    108.20200622 previous assembly GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) 19 NC_000085.6 (46312085..46328127, complement)

    Chromosome 19 - NC_000085.7Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance factor 1 Neighboring gene U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C pseudogene Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_46298 Neighboring gene STARR-positive B cell enhancer ABC_E11035 Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_46300 Neighboring gene RIKEN cDNA 4833438C02 gene Neighboring gene STARR-positive B cell enhancer ABC_E9457 Neighboring gene nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 2, p49/p100 Neighboring gene STARR-positive B cell enhancer ABC_E973 Neighboring gene F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 15 Neighboring gene CUE domain containing 2 Neighboring gene predicted gene, 36493 Neighboring gene microRNA 146b

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

    Go to the top of the page Help
    • Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
    • Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
    • BioProject: PRJNA66167
    • Publication: PMID 25409824
    • Analysis date: n/a

    Bibliography

    Go to the top of the pageHelp

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Arf6 exchange factor EFA6 and endophilin directly interact at the plasma membrane to control clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Boulakirba S, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2014 Jul 1. PMID 24979773, Free PMC Article
    2. Localization of EFA6A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ARF6, in spermatogenic cells of testes of adult mice. Suzuki R, et al. J Mol Histol, 2009 Feb. PMID 19085064
    3. Predominant localization of EFA6A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ARF6, at the perisynaptic photoreceptor processes. Katsumata O, et al. Brain Res, 2008 Oct 9. PMID 18708035
    4. Identification of a novel gene, PSD, adjacent to NFKB2/lyt-10, which contains Sec7 and pleckstrin-homology domains. Perletti L, et al. Genomics, 1997 Dec 1. PMID 9417912
    5. EFA6A encodes two isoforms with distinct biological activities in neuronal cells. Sironi C, et al. J Cell Sci, 2009 Jun 15. PMID 19494129

    See all (28) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Full-length Efa6 is membrane-attached, hence primarily blocks microtubules (MTs) in the periphery of fibroblasts, and explorative MTs that have left axonal bundles in neurons.
      Title: Efa6 protects axons and regulates their growth and branching by inhibiting microtubule polymerisation at the cortex.
    2. Arf6 exchange factor EFA6 and endophilin directly interact at the plasma membrane to control clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
      Title: Arf6 exchange factor EFA6 and endophilin directly interact at the plasma membrane to control clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
    3. EFA6A regulates Arf6-mediated neurite formation through interaction with SNX1.
      Title: EFA6A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Arf6, interacts with sorting nexin-1 and regulates neurite outgrowth.
    4. Results showed that EFA6A was first shown localized intensely in nuclei of spermatocytes of adult testes and suggested a possible involvement of EFA6A-ARF6 signaling in the karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
      Title: Localization of EFA6A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ARF6, in spermatogenic cells of testes of adult mice.
    5. EFA6A-ARF6 pathway may play a specific role at a subcompartment of perisynaptic photoreceptor processes
      Title: Predominant localization of EFA6A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ARF6, at the perisynaptic photoreceptor processes.
    6. EFA6A may form a protein complex with alpha-actinin and activate ARF6 in close proximity of the actin cytoskeleton and membrane proteins in the dendritic spines
      Title: Somatodendritic localization of EFA6A, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor 6, and its possible interaction with alpha-actinin in dendritic spines.
    7. determined the complete primary sequence of mouse EFA6D encoding a protein of 1004 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 111,207 Da.
      Title: Distinct spatiotemporal expression of EFA6D, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ARF6, among the EFA6 family in mouse brain.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

    Variation

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Alleles

    Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics  (MGI)
    • Endonuclease-mediated (2) 

    Interactions

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • KIAA2011

    Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables phospholipid binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in neuron projection development IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of ARF protein signal transduction IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in regulation of postsynapse assembly ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in cell projection IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in cleavage furrow ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    located_in dendritic spine IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in plasma membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in postsynaptic density IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    is_active_in postsynaptic density, intracellular component IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    is_active_in postsynaptic density, intracellular component IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in ruffle membrane ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Preferred Names
    PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1
    Names
    exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide factor 6
    exchange factor for ARF6 A
    pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing homolog
    pleckstrin homology and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    Go to the top of the page Help

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001347454.1 → NP_001334383.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 2

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC114539
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS84449.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q5DTT2
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    2. NM_028627.2 → NP_082903.2  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_082903.2

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      BC057353
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS29875.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RS07, B7ZNN7, Q3TY69, Q5DTT2, Q6PE10
      Related
      ENSMUSP00000039728.5, ENSMUST00000041391.5
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00171
      Location:542 → 708
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:753 → 877
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001635.27-RS_2024_02

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

    Genomic

    1. NC_000085.7 Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

      Range
      46300524..46316566 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_006527393.3 → XP_006527456.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X3

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_006527456.1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q5DTT2
      Related
      ENSMUSP00000153381.2, ENSMUST00000224556.2
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd13295
      Location:122 → 246
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    2. XM_030251106.1 → XP_030106966.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1

      Related
      ENSMUSP00000152942.2, ENSMUST00000225323.2
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    3. XM_006527391.4 → XP_006527454.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_006527454.1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q5DTT2
      Related
      ENSMUSP00000093729.6, ENSMUST00000096029.12
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    4. XM_030251108.2 → XP_030106968.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RS07, B7ZNN7, Q3TY69, Q5DTT2, Q6PE10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00171
      Location:542 → 708
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:753 → 877
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    5. XM_006527388.5 → XP_006527451.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_006527451.1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q5DTT2
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    6. XM_030251111.2 → XP_030106971.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RS07, B7ZNN7, Q3TY69, Q5DTT2, Q6PE10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00171
      Location:542 → 708
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:753 → 877
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    7. XM_030251105.2 → XP_030106965.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1

      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    8. XM_006527386.5 → XP_006527449.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_006527449.1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q5DTT2
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    9. XM_030251107.2 → XP_030106967.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RS07, B7ZNN7, Q3TY69, Q5DTT2, Q6PE10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00171
      Location:542 → 708
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:753 → 877
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    10. XM_011247376.4 → XP_011245678.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011245678.1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q5DTT2
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    11. XM_030251104.2 → XP_030106964.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1

      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    12. XM_030251110.1 → XP_030106970.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RS07, B7ZNN7, Q3TY69, Q5DTT2, Q6PE10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00171
      Location:542 → 708
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:753 → 877
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    13. XM_030251109.1 → XP_030106969.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RS07, B7ZNN7, Q3TY69, Q5DTT2, Q6PE10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00171
      Location:542 → 708
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:753 → 877
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    14. XM_006527389.4 → XP_006527452.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_006527452.1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q5DTT2
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      PHA03247
      Location:17 → 426
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
      cd00171
      Location:543 → 709
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:754 → 878
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain
      pfam05667
      Location:891 → 980
      DUF812; Protein of unknown function (DUF812)

    15. XM_011247377.4 → XP_011245679.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011245679.1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RS07, B7ZNN7, Q3TY69, Q5DTT2, Q6PE10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00171
      Location:542 → 708
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:753 → 877
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    16. XM_036161708.1 → XP_036017601.1  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RS07, B7ZNN7, Q3TY69, Q5DTT2, Q6PE10
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd00171
      Location:542 → 708
      Sec7; Sec7 domain; Domain named after the S. cerevisiae SEC7 gene product. The Sec7 domain is the central domain of the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of small GTPases (ARFs) . It carries the exchange factor ...
      cd13295
      Location:753 → 877
      PH_EFA6; Exchange Factor for ARF6 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain

    RNA

    1. XR_004940176.1 RNA Sequence

    2. XR_386518.4 RNA Sequence

    Nucleotide Protein Strain
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q5DTT2.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q5DTT2

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Chemical Information
    Molecular Biology Databases
    Research Materials
    Tools
    Miscellaneous