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Constant exotropia

MedGen UID:
1643515
•Concept ID:
C4703499
•
Disease or Syndrome
HPO: HP:0031713

Definition

A form of divergent strabismus (exotropia) in which the eye turns outward at all distances and at all times. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVConstant exotropia

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Optometric treatment of post-surgical constant exotropia.
Birnbaum MH, Klayman IM
Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1972 Nov;49(11):951-3. doi: 10.1097/00006324-197211000-00010. PMID: 4508239

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Divergence excess and basic exotropia types of intermittent exotropia: a major review. Part 1: prevalence, classification, risk factors, natural history and clinical characteristics.
Ma MM, Scheiman M
Strabismus 2023 Jun;31(2):97-128. Epub 2023 Jul 25 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2023.2227681. PMID: 37489263
Microstructural properties of major white matter tracts in constant exotropia before and after strabismus surgery.
Wang Y, Wang X, Shi H, Xia L, Dong J, Nguchu BA, Uwisengeyimana JD, Liu Y, Zhang D, Feng L, Qiu B
Br J Ophthalmol 2022 Jun;106(6):870-877. Epub 2021 Jan 19 doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317948. PMID: 33468491
The Success of Unilateral Surgery for Constant and Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Affecting It in a Large Scandinavian Case Series.
Thorisdottir RL, Malmsjö M, Tenland K, Blohmé J, Hesgaard HB
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021 Jan 1;58(1):34-41. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20201007-04. PMID: 33495796
Motor and Sensory Outcomes of Infantile Exotropia: A 10-Year Study (2008-2017).
Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Behradfar N, Abdi S, Bahraini R, Kheiri B, Sheibani K
Korean J Ophthalmol 2020 Apr;34(2):143-149. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0090. PMID: 32233148Free PMC Article
Early versus late surgery for infantile exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J AAPOS 2018 Feb;22(1):3-6. Epub 2017 Nov 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.08.006. PMID: 29158152

Diagnosis

Divergence excess and basic exotropia types of intermittent exotropia: a major review. Part 1: prevalence, classification, risk factors, natural history and clinical characteristics.
Ma MM, Scheiman M
Strabismus 2023 Jun;31(2):97-128. Epub 2023 Jul 25 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2023.2227681. PMID: 37489263
A rare case of congenital pupillary abnormality: a case report.
Hao L, Ma Z, Song C, Zhu S
BMC Ophthalmol 2022 May 2;22(1):201. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02422-x. PMID: 35501768Free PMC Article
Comparison of Clinical Features and Long-term Surgical Outcomes in Infantile Constant and Intermittent Exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Mar-Apr;53(2):99-104. Epub 2016 Feb 4 doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160122-05. PMID: 26848593
Clinical Preoperative and Postoperative Symptoms of Exotropia.
Ha SG, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Jan-Feb;53(1):44-51. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160113-05. PMID: 26836003
Perinatal risk factors for strabismus.
Torp-Pedersen T, Boyd HA, Poulsen G, Haargaard B, Wohlfahrt J, Holmes JM, Melbye M
Int J Epidemiol 2010 Oct;39(5):1229-39. Epub 2010 Jun 4 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq092. PMID: 20525734

Therapy

Three-year observation of children 12 to 35 months old with untreated intermittent exotropia.
Cotter SA, Mohney BG, Chandler DL, Holmes JM, Wallace DK, Melia BM, Wu R, Kraker RT, Superstein R, Crouch ER, Paysse EA; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020 Mar;40(2):202-215. doi: 10.1111/opo.12668. PMID: 32202318Free PMC Article
Factor XIII deficiency leading to preseptal haematoma post-strabismus surgery.
Jain M, Kekunnaya R, Badakere A
BMJ Case Rep 2019 Nov 13;12(11) doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231457. PMID: 31727636Free PMC Article
Three-Year Observation of Children 3 to 10 Years of Age with Untreated Intermittent Exotropia.
Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group; Writing Committee, Mohney BG, Cotter SA, Chandler DL, Holmes JM, Wallace DK, Yamada T, Petersen DB, Kraker RT, Morse CL, Melia BM, Wu R
Ophthalmology 2019 Sep;126(9):1249-1260. Epub 2019 Jan 26 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.01.015. PMID: 30690128Free PMC Article
A randomized trial comparing part-time patching with observation for children 3 to 10 years of age with intermittent exotropia.
Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group, Cotter SA, Mohney BG, Chandler DL, Holmes JM, Repka MX, Melia M, Wallace DK, Beck RW, Birch EE, Kraker RT, Tamkins SM, Miller AM, Sala NA, Glaser SR
Ophthalmology 2014 Dec;121(12):2299-310. Epub 2014 Sep 16 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.021. PMID: 25234012Free PMC Article
Heroin and diplopia.
Firth AY
Addiction 2005 Jan;100(1):46-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00915.x. PMID: 15598191

Prognosis

The Success of Unilateral Surgery for Constant and Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Affecting It in a Large Scandinavian Case Series.
Thorisdottir RL, Malmsjö M, Tenland K, Blohmé J, Hesgaard HB
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021 Jan 1;58(1):34-41. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20201007-04. PMID: 33495796
Motor and Sensory Outcomes of Infantile Exotropia: A 10-Year Study (2008-2017).
Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Behradfar N, Abdi S, Bahraini R, Kheiri B, Sheibani K
Korean J Ophthalmol 2020 Apr;34(2):143-149. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0090. PMID: 32233148Free PMC Article
The stability of horizontal ocular alignment of triad exotropia after one-step triple surgery.
Wu L, Xia W, Li L, Xi S, Wang X, Wen W, Jiang C, Liu G, Zhao C
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020 Apr;258(4):899-908. Epub 2020 Jan 14 doi: 10.1007/s00417-019-04599-2. PMID: 31932885
Comparison of Clinical Features and Long-term Surgical Outcomes in Infantile Constant and Intermittent Exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Mar-Apr;53(2):99-104. Epub 2016 Feb 4 doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160122-05. PMID: 26848593
Success in strabismus therapy: a literature review.
Ziegler D, Huff D, Rouse MW
J Am Optom Assoc 1982 Dec;53(12):979-83. PMID: 6759560

Clinical prediction guides

Divergence excess and basic exotropia types of intermittent exotropia: a major review. Part 1: prevalence, classification, risk factors, natural history and clinical characteristics.
Ma MM, Scheiman M
Strabismus 2023 Jun;31(2):97-128. Epub 2023 Jul 25 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2023.2227681. PMID: 37489263
A retrospective study of strabismus surgery in a tertiary eye hospital in the Chaoshan area in China from 2014 to 2020.
Bi Y, Yam JC, Lin S
BMC Ophthalmol 2022 Jun 4;22(1):246. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02479-8. PMID: 35658910Free PMC Article
The Success of Unilateral Surgery for Constant and Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Affecting It in a Large Scandinavian Case Series.
Thorisdottir RL, Malmsjö M, Tenland K, Blohmé J, Hesgaard HB
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021 Jan 1;58(1):34-41. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20201007-04. PMID: 33495796
Motor and Sensory Outcomes of Infantile Exotropia: A 10-Year Study (2008-2017).
Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Behradfar N, Abdi S, Bahraini R, Kheiri B, Sheibani K
Korean J Ophthalmol 2020 Apr;34(2):143-149. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0090. PMID: 32233148Free PMC Article
Comparison of Clinical Features and Long-term Surgical Outcomes in Infantile Constant and Intermittent Exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Mar-Apr;53(2):99-104. Epub 2016 Feb 4 doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160122-05. PMID: 26848593

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