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Abnormal growth hormone level

MedGen UID:
1703240
•Concept ID:
C5139300
•
Finding
Synonym: Abnormal somatotropin level
 
HPO: HP:0032367

Definition

Any deviation from the normal level of growth hormone (GH) in the blood circulation. GH or somatotropin is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration. Its secretion from the pituitary is regulated by the neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus, which can release Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or somatocrinin) and Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) into the hypophyseal portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary. GH is secreted in a pulsatile manner, which is one of the reasons why an isolated measurement of its blood concentration is not meaningful. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • Abnormal growth hormone level

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Congenital Hypothyroidism in Preterm Newborns - The Challenges of Diagnostics and Treatment: A Review.
Klosinska M, Kaczynska A, Ben-Skowronek I
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:860862. Epub 2022 Mar 18 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.860862. PMID: 35370986Free PMC Article
The dietary management of calcium and phosphate in children with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialysis-clinical practice recommendation from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce.
McAlister L, Pugh P, Greenbaum L, Haffner D, Rees L, Anderson C, Desloovere A, Nelms C, Oosterveld M, Paglialonga F, Polderman N, Qizalbash L, Renken-Terhaerdt J, Tuokkola J, Warady B, Walle JV, Shaw V, Shroff R
Pediatr Nephrol 2020 Mar;35(3):501-518. Epub 2019 Oct 30 doi: 10.1007/s00467-019-04370-z. PMID: 31667620Free PMC Article
Clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia.
Haffner D, Emma F, Eastwood DM, Duplan MB, Bacchetta J, Schnabel D, Wicart P, Bockenhauer D, Santos F, Levtchenko E, Harvengt P, Kirchhoff M, Di Rocco F, Chaussain C, Brandi ML, Savendahl L, Briot K, Kamenicky P, Rejnmark L, Linglart A
Nat Rev Nephrol 2019 Jul;15(7):435-455. doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0152-5. PMID: 31068690Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Dyslipidaemia and growth hormone deficiency - A comprehensive review.
Hepprich M, Ebrahimi F, Christ E
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec;37(6):101821. Epub 2023 Sep 15 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101821. PMID: 37821339
Growth hormone replacement in adults with cured acromegaly: Efficacy and safety.
Tritos NA
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec;37(6):101790. Epub 2023 Jun 8 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101790. PMID: 37328323
The heart in growth hormone (GH) deficiency and the cardiovascular effects of GH.
Chanson P
Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2021 Jun;82(3-4):210-213. Epub 2020 Mar 4 doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2020.03.005. PMID: 32473787
Meier-Gorlin syndrome.
de Munnik SA, Hoefsloot EH, Roukema J, Schoots J, Knoers NV, Brunner HG, Jackson AP, Bongers EM
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015 Sep 17;10:114. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0322-x. PMID: 26381604Free PMC Article
Metabolic effects of growth hormone in the child and adolescent.
Shulman DI
Curr Opin Pediatr 2002 Aug;14(4):432-6. doi: 10.1097/00008480-200208000-00014. PMID: 12130908

Diagnosis

Dyslipidaemia and growth hormone deficiency - A comprehensive review.
Hepprich M, Ebrahimi F, Christ E
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec;37(6):101821. Epub 2023 Sep 15 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101821. PMID: 37821339
Growth hormone replacement in adults with cured acromegaly: Efficacy and safety.
Tritos NA
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec;37(6):101790. Epub 2023 Jun 8 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101790. PMID: 37328323
Growth Hormone Excess: Implications and Management.
Dhaneshwar S, Shandily S, Tiwari V
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023;23(6):748-763. doi: 10.2174/1871530322666221012155533. PMID: 36237164
Clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia.
Haffner D, Emma F, Eastwood DM, Duplan MB, Bacchetta J, Schnabel D, Wicart P, Bockenhauer D, Santos F, Levtchenko E, Harvengt P, Kirchhoff M, Di Rocco F, Chaussain C, Brandi ML, Savendahl L, Briot K, Kamenicky P, Rejnmark L, Linglart A
Nat Rev Nephrol 2019 Jul;15(7):435-455. doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0152-5. PMID: 31068690Free PMC Article
Meier-Gorlin syndrome.
de Munnik SA, Hoefsloot EH, Roukema J, Schoots J, Knoers NV, Brunner HG, Jackson AP, Bongers EM
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015 Sep 17;10:114. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0322-x. PMID: 26381604Free PMC Article

Therapy

Dyslipidaemia and growth hormone deficiency - A comprehensive review.
Hepprich M, Ebrahimi F, Christ E
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec;37(6):101821. Epub 2023 Sep 15 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101821. PMID: 37821339
Growth hormone replacement in adults with cured acromegaly: Efficacy and safety.
Tritos NA
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec;37(6):101790. Epub 2023 Jun 8 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101790. PMID: 37328323
Efficacy and safety of growth hormone therapy in children with Noonan syndrome.
Sodero G, Cipolla C, Pane LC, Sessa L, Malavolta E, Arzilli F, Leoni C, Zampino G, Rigante D
Growth Horm IGF Res 2023 Apr-Jun;69-70:101532. Epub 2023 Apr 9 doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2023.101532. PMID: 37084633
Growth Hormone Excess: Implications and Management.
Dhaneshwar S, Shandily S, Tiwari V
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023;23(6):748-763. doi: 10.2174/1871530322666221012155533. PMID: 36237164
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency and GH replacement therapy in patients previously treated for Cushing's disease.
Boguszewski CL
Pituitary 2022 Oct;25(5):760-763. Epub 2022 May 13 doi: 10.1007/s11102-022-01225-z. PMID: 35552989

Prognosis

Delayed Puberty.
Mohanraj S, Prasad HK
Indian J Pediatr 2023 Jun;90(6):590-597. Epub 2023 May 2 doi: 10.1007/s12098-023-04577-x. PMID: 37127825
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue and recombinant human growth hormone treatment for idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls.
Shi Y, Ma Z, Yang X, Ying Y, Luo X, Hou L
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:1085385. Epub 2022 Dec 14 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1085385. PMID: 36589818Free PMC Article
Effects of Maternal Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on the Placenta: Current Knowledge and Targets for Therapeutic Interventions.
Bedell S, Hutson J, de Vrijer B, Eastabrook G
Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021;19(2):176-192. doi: 10.2174/1570161118666200616144512. PMID: 32543363
First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening.
Alldred SK, Takwoingi Y, Guo B, Pennant M, Deeks JJ, Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 Mar 15;3(3):CD012600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012600. PMID: 28295158Free PMC Article
Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Gansevoort RT, Grantham JJ, Higashihara E, Perrone RD, Krasa HB, Ouyang J, Czerwiec FS; TEMPO 3:4 Trial Investigators
N Engl J Med 2012 Dec 20;367(25):2407-18. Epub 2012 Nov 3 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1205511. PMID: 23121377Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue and recombinant human growth hormone treatment for idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls.
Shi Y, Ma Z, Yang X, Ying Y, Luo X, Hou L
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:1085385. Epub 2022 Dec 14 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1085385. PMID: 36589818Free PMC Article
The heart in growth hormone (GH) deficiency and the cardiovascular effects of GH.
Chanson P
Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2021 Jun;82(3-4):210-213. Epub 2020 Mar 4 doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2020.03.005. PMID: 32473787
Growth and Clinical Characteristics of Children with Floating-Harbor Syndrome: Analysis of Current Original Data and a Review of the Literature.
Homma TK, Freire BL, Honjo R, Dauber A, Funari MFA, Lerario AM, Albuquerque EVA, Vasques GA, Bertola DR, Kim CA, Malaquias AC, Jorge AAL
Horm Res Paediatr 2019;92(2):115-123. Epub 2019 Nov 12 doi: 10.1159/000503782. PMID: 31715605
The growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 axis in heart failure.
Delafontaine P, Brink M
Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2000 Feb;61(1):22-6. PMID: 10790588
Cardiological aspects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I.
Lombardi G, Colao A, Cuocolo A, Longobardi S, Di Somma C, Orio F, Merola B, Nicolai E, Salvatore M
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1997 Nov-Dec;10(6):553-60. doi: 10.1515/jpem.1997.10.6.553. PMID: 9467124

Recent systematic reviews

Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of Kenny-Caffey Syndrome.
Schigt H, Bald M, van der Eerden BCJ, Gal L, Ilenwabor BP, Konrad M, Levine MA, Li D, Mache CJ, Mackin S, Perry C, Rios FJ, Schlingmann KP, Storey B, Trapp CM, Verkerk AJMH, Zillikens MC, Touyz RM, Hoorn EJ, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Aug 18;108(9):e754-e768. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad147. PMID: 36916904Free PMC Article
Pediatric growth hormone treatment in Italy: A systematic review of epidemiology, quality of life, treatment adherence, and economic impact.
Orso M, Polistena B, Granato S, Novelli G, Di Virgilio R, La Torre D, d'Angela D, Spandonaro F
PLoS One 2022;17(2):e0264403. Epub 2022 Feb 25 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264403. PMID: 35213607Free PMC Article
First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening.
Alldred SK, Takwoingi Y, Guo B, Pennant M, Deeks JJ, Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 Mar 15;3(3):CD012600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012600. PMID: 28295158Free PMC Article
Relationship between Advanced Glycation End Products and Steroidogenesis in PCOS.
Garg D, Merhi Z
Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016 Oct 21;14(1):71. doi: 10.1186/s12958-016-0205-6. PMID: 27769286Free PMC Article
Growth monitoring as an early detection tool: a systematic review.
Scherdel P, Dunkel L, van Dommelen P, Goulet O, Salaün JF, Brauner R, Heude B, Chalumeau M
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016 May;4(5):447-56. Epub 2016 Jan 15 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00392-7. PMID: 26777129

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